Private and Public Higher Education Shares for 117 countries (2000-2009) *, **, ***, ****,***** Last Update: July 2010 Country 1 Private % of Total HE Enrolment Year Private % of Total HEIs Year Private % of Total Univ. Enrolment 2 Year Private % of Total Univ. Year Afghanistan 3 - - - - - - - - Albania 12.0 (19,800/164,800) - 7 (28/40) - - - - - Argentina 23.9 (489,039/2,048,876) 2005 53.5 (1,327/2480) 2003 16.5 (254,117/1,539,742) 2005 54.6 (54/99) 2003 Armenia 26.6 (22,600/85,100) 2004 77.3 (68/88) 2004 - - - - Australia 3.5 (40,000/ N/A) 2008 - - - - - - Austria 4 4.4 - - - - - 33.3 (11/33) 2005/06 Azerbaijan 14.4 (17,500/121,500) 2003 35.7 (15/42) 2003 - - - - Bangladesh 14.4 (61,108/423,236) 2003/04 48.6 (54/111) 2005/06 44.2 (91,648/207,577) 2005 71.6 (53/74) 2005 Belarus 15.2 (58,300/383,400) 2005 21.8 (12/55) 2005 - - - - Belgium 4 (218,373/394,427) 2006 - - - - - - 55.4 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 1
Benin 2 2009 96.4 (27/28) 1999 - - - - Bhutan 0-0 - 0-0 - Bolivia 27.8 2004 75.9 (1,530/2,015) 2004 18.2 (56,764/312,769) 2003 70.2 (40/57) 2005 Bosnia & Herzegovina (N/A /12,200) 2006/07 73.3 (22/30) 2006 - - - - Botswana 28.6 (6,000/21,000) 2007 85.7 (6/7) 2007 - - (1/ N/A) 2007 Brazil 74.6 (3,639,413/4,880,381) 2007 89.1 (2,032/2,281) 2007 66.9 (2,224,824/3,325,125) 2007 67.0 (203/303) 2007 Bulgaria 17.6 (58,380/332,654) 2008/09 30.2 (16/53) 2008/09 15.9 (39,107/246,523) 2008/09 16.3 (7/43) 2008/09 Burundi - - (4/ N/A) 2002 - - - - 58.0 64.5 69.2 Cambodia (56,563/97,524) 2006 (40/62) 2006 - - (18/26) 2004 Chad (400/ N/A) 2003 (2/ N/A) 2003 - - - - Chile 77.6 (584,722/753,543) 2007 92.8 (205/221) 2005 66.9 (340,702/509,523) 2007 73.8 (45/61) 2007 China 19.9 (4,013,010/20,210,249) 2008 28.3 (640/2,263) 2008 0 2008 0 2008 Colombia 49.6 (600,731/1,212,035) 2005 70.6 (197/279) 2007 56.2 (506,137/900,435) 2005 67.8 (116/171) 2007 Costa Rica 54.6 (93,730/171,792) 2004 47.1 (57/121) 2004 53.4 (86,951/162,925) 2004 92.6 (50/54) 2004 Croatia 11.3 (16,000/141,000) 2008 57.1 (28/49) 2008 - - - - Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 2
Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of Congo (0/908,588) 2007 - - 2007 - - 66.6 80.6 (13,712/20,587) 2005/06 (29/36) 2005/06 (0/4,861) 2005/06 (0/1) 2005/06 8.9 40.1 11.9 6 (29,201/327,955) 2004 (95/237) 2004 (40,939/344,180) 2007 (42/70) 2007 81.6 (82,173/100,724) 1997/98 (39/ N/A) - - - - - Denmark 4 1.9 (4,367/228,893) 2006 - - 2007/08 2007/08 Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia 49.7 (160,603/323,439) 2005 28.7 (90,278/314,496) 2004 19.2 (447,000/2,325,000) 2003 66.3 (82,812/124,956) 2006 18.0 (12,315/68,399) 2008/09 88.4 (38/43) 2005 50.1 (159,867/319,263) 2005 58.7 (236/402) 2004 - - 62.6 (109/174) 2005 83.3 (35/42) N/A 2.2 (39,000/1,766,000) 2003 68.5 (79,299/115,715) 2006 93.9 (31/33) 2005 56.9 (37/65) 2004 46.4 (13/28) 2005 96.2 (25/26) N/A 52.2 (24/46) 2004 - - - - Ethiopia 24.0 2003 6 2003 - - - - Finland 4 (32,393/308,966) 2006 2006 (0/176,555) 2006 (0/20) 2006 10.5 France 4 (364,783/2,201,201) 2006 (147/3,500) 2005/06 - - (13/84) 2007/08 16.6 4.2 15.5 Gabon 46.3 (25,000/54,000) 2003 (3/ N/A) - - - - - Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 3
Georgia 19.2 (29,400/153,300) 2003 85.2 (150/176) 2003 - - - - Germany 4.9 (94,285/1,920,102) 2008/09 34.3 (122/356 ) 2008/09 1.2 (15,760/1,339,274) 2008/09 19.3 (21/109) 2008/09 Ghana 11.2 (8,000/71,600) 2004 90.3 (28/31) 2004 - - - - Greece 2005/06 2005/06 2005/06 2005/06 Guatemala 48.1 (105,082/218,466) 2003 91.7 (11/12) 2009 - - 91.7 (11/12) 2009 Honduras 19.7 (22,018/111,766) 2002 6 (9/15) 2002 - - 7 (7/10) 2002 Hong Kong, China 59.0 (127,256/215,637) 2007/08 54.5 (12/22) 2007/08 59.4 (95,238/ 160,295) 2007/08 22.2 (2/9) 2007/08 Hungary 13.6 (56,590/416,348) 2006/07 56.3 (40/71) 2006/07 - - - - Iceland 4 (3853/16,853) 2005 (3/8) 2006/07 - - - - 22.9 37.5 30.7 43.0 India (3,219,000/10,481,000) 2005/06 (7,720/17,973) 2005/06 - - - - 71.0 95.5 89.0 Indonesia (2,392,417/3,371,156) 2007 (2,766/2,897) 2007 - - (372/418) 2007 Ireland 4 7.0 2004 (0/20) 2005/06 - - - - Israel 13.1 (26,860/205,149) 2005/06 13.1 (8/61) 2005/06 (0/123,010) 2005/06 (0/7) 2005/06 Italy 7.2 (146,796/2,029,023) 2006 20.5 (17/83) 2006/07 6.2 (110,624/1,780,743) 2006/07 23.0 (17/74) 2006/07 Ivory Coast 31.0 - (1/ N/A) - - - - - Japan 77.4 2007 89.6 2007 73.2 2007 76.7 2007 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 4
Kyrgyzstan Lao People s Democratic Republic (2,924,022/3,776,623) (4,199/4,689) (2,071,642/2,828,635) (580/756) Jordan 5 - - - - - - 58.3 (14/24) 2006 Kazakhstan 46.5 (347,100/747,100) 2004 71.8 (130/181) 2004 - - - - Kenya 17.9 (21,132/118,239) 2008 13.1 (17/130) 2004 52.9 (91,541/173,032) 2004/05 74.0 (17/23) 2004 Kosovo 50.7 (38,000/75,000) - 97.0 (32/33) - - - - - 7.2 32.7 (15,800/218,300) 2004 (16/49) 2004 - - - - Latvia 32.4 (14,371/44,289) 2004/05 31.9 (40,713/127,760) 2007/08 Lesotho - - 8.5 Lithuania (16,438/193,928) 2005/06 The FYR of 17.9 Macedonia (11,509/64,254) 2007/08 50.9 Malaysia (322,891/634,033) 2004 79.5 (31/39) 2005 - - - - 36.7 29.7 (22/60) 2007/08 (34,172/114,965) 2007/08 - - 72.7 (16/22) 2000 - - (0/1) 2000 38.8 3.5 33.3 (19/49) 2005/06 (4,992/141,771) 2005/06 (7/21) 2005/06 62.5 (5/8) 2004 - - - - 97.0 39.3 (559/576) 2004 7.5 2000 (11/28) 2004 Maldives 3 - - - - - - - - Mexico 33.4 (745,018/2,232,189) 2007 72.7 (1,175/1,617) 2007 41.8 2003 72.7 2002 Moldova 24.0 (26,500/110,200) 2003 44.5 (48/108) 2003 - - - - Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 5
Mongolia 26.0 2003 64.2 2003 8.3 2003 27.2 2003 Montenegro (N/A /20,000) - 8 (4/5) - - - - - Mozambique 32.1 (7,143/22,256) 2004 5 (6/12) 2004 - - - - Myanmar 0 (0/ N/A) 2005 0 2005 0 2005 0 2005 Nepal 3 - - - - - - - - Netherlands 4 (361,177/516,769) 2002 2006/07 - - - - 69.9 New Zealand 9.3 (23,763/256,468) 2006 85.6 (172/201) 2007 0 2007 0 2007 Nicaragua 47.5 (65,000/136,960) 2005 58.5 (69/118) 2003 - - 90.9 (40/44) 2003 Nigeria 3.4 (37,636/1,108,199) 2006 36.0 (32/89) 2006 - - 30.7 (23/75) 2005 North Korea 0-0 - 0-0 - Norway 4 (28,434/211,559) 2006/07 (32/70) 2006/07 (883/87,562) 2006/07 (1/12) 2006/07 13.4 45.7 1.0 8.3 Oman 6 24.7 2006 88.0 (22/25) 2006 29.9 2006 75.0 (3/ N/A) 2006 Pakistan 23.8 (103,466/435,130) 2007/08 46.0 (57/124) 2007/08 - - 42.6 (40/94) 2007/08 Panama 18.3 (24,187/132,167) 2003 83.1 (59/71) 2004-2003 87.5 (28/32) 2004 Paraguay 41.1 (44,722/108,812) 2003 - - - - - - Peru 51.1 (463,801/908,315) 2005 - - 50.3 (263,354/523,359) 2005 59.8 (49/82) 2005 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 6
Philippines 65.2 (1,589,866/2,438,855) 2005/06 89.5 (1,431/1,599) 2005 - - - - Poland 34.1 (660,464/1,937,401) 2007 70.8 (315/445) 2005/06 3.7 (20,654/563,062) 2005/06 25.0 (6/24) 2005/06 Portugal 25.9 (98,664/380,937) 2004/05 66.7 (110/165) 2004/5 27.9 (67,157/241,054) 2004/05 70.8 (46/65) 2004/05 Romania 33.8 (265,243/785,506) 2007 55.2 (37/67) 2003 23.1 (50,576/218,860) 2005/06 49.0 (52/107) 2005/06 Russia 14.9 (1,024,000/ 6,884,000) 2004 38.2 (409/1,071) 2004 9.9 2000 37.1 2000 Saudi Arabia 7 - - - - - - 12.5 (1/8) 2006 Senegal 10.9 (4,140/38,040) 2003 96.0 (48/50) 2003 - - - - Serbia (N/A /239,000) - 49.3 (33/67) - - - - - Slovak Republic 9.8 (20,098/ 204,082) 2006 45.0 (9/20) 2006 - - - - Slovenia 2.6 (3,552/136,990) 2007/08 27.6 (8/29) 2007/08 - - - - South Africa 4.1 (30,000/730,000) 2004 (80.7 (96/119) 2003 - - 71.1 (86/121) 2001 South Korea 80.1 (2,565,888/3,204,036) 2006 87.0 (280/322) 2002 78.4 (1,439,297/1,836,649) 2004 84.8 (145/171) 2004 Spain 9.6 2001 3 2003 9.0 (132,000/1,463,000) 2004/05 32.4 (24/74) 2006/07 Sri Lanka 3 - - - - - - - - 28.4 Sudan - - - - - - (21/74) 2000 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 7
Sweden 4 7.3 (30,476/414,657) 2003 4 (24/60) 2005 - - 17.6 (3/17) 2006/07 Switzerland - - - - - - - - Taiwan 71.9 2004 65.8 2004 66.8 2004 64.1 2004 Tanzania 19.4 (12,400/64,052) 2006/07 65.6 21/32 2006/07 - - 62.0 (13/21) 2006/07 Thailand 9.9 (173,007/1,750,777) 2007 47.0 (70/149) 2007 16.8 2001 28.3 2003 Turkey 5.8 2005/06 26.1 (30/115) 2005/06 5.8 2005/06 UAE 8 - - - - - - 26.1 (30/115) 2005/06 66.7 (6/9) 2006 Uganda 15.1 (17,060/113,060) 2003/04 85.2 (23/27) 2003/04 - - - - Ukraine 10.5 (237,100/2,264,767) 2003 17.6 (175/997) 2003 - - - - United Kingdom (0/2,336,111) 2006 - - - - 0.7 (1/139) 2006 United States 9 26.1 (4,757,348/18,248,128) 2007 61.3 (2,667/4,352) 2007/08 38.4 (4,463,537/11,630,198) 2007 75.6 (2,022/2,675) 2007/08 Uruguay 11.7 (14,426/123,139) 2007 22.2 (14/63) 2003 15.0 (14,273/95,396) 2007 73.3 (11/15) 2003 Venezuela 41.6 2004 56.8 2005 21.7 2004 55.1 2005 Vietnam 10.4 (137,760/1,319,754) 2005 12.6 (29/230) 2005 - - - - Yemen 10 - - - - - - 6 (3/5) 2006 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 8
Zambia - - - - 0 2001 0 2001 Zimbabwe 4.5 (1,797/39,797) 2003/04 41.7 (5/12) 2003/04 - - - - * This global table derives mostly from PROPHE s four regional tables: Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The major exception is inclusion of the United States here. There is also inclusion of five Middle Eastern countries not shown in Africa or any other regional table, but the data are sparse for Middle Eastern countries, many of which have just opened private institutions, and the region s overall higher education numbers mostly remain small. The only countries we show here are Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Yemen, and among them only Oman shows substantial data. ** Although the data come from the most reliable sources found usually official sources criteria and inclusiveness both vary greatly across countries and regions, so comparisons should be drawn only with caution. For example, the meaning of higher education, university, and tertiary education varies. In some databases, only accredited or at least licensed institutions are counted; in others, the figures are more broadly inclusive. There are also differences in how to count enrolments and in many other respects. Further details and caveats see PROPHE s four regional tables. Attention to such matters is keener in PROPHE s in-depth data work on individual countries. See http://www.albany.edu/dept/eaps/prophe/data/national.html. *** Except for some pre-2000 data on several African countries. Also, in some cases no date is noted. For sources and comments on individual countries from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, see the pertinent regional tables. **** For the following countries, on which we have no other data, the World Bank, Accelerating Catch-up: Tertiary education for growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, D.C, 2009, gives the following figures for the number of private HEIs: Angola 7, Burkina Faso 4, Cape Verde 1, Central African Republic 4, Guinea 1, Liberia 3, Malawi 0, Mali 2, Mauritania 0, Namibia 1, Niger 0, Rwanda 12, and Togo 22. ***** If we sum all the enrolment data for Latin America, we get a private share of 48.2 %, but caution is required as national data range from 2002 to 2007 and we lack Bolivian enrolments. The private regional LA enrolment share was 46.6% in 2003; according to IESALC- UNESCO (2006), Informe sobre la Educación Superior en América Latina y El Caribe 2000-2005: La metamorfosis de la educación superior, Caracas. If we sum all the enrolment data for Asia, we get a private share of 36.4%, excluding countries and regions where either private enrolments or total enrolments are not available. If we sum all the enrolment data for Africa, we get a private share of Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 9
14.6%, excluding Benin, Chad, Ethiopia and Ivory Coast, countries and regions where either private enrolments or total enrolments are not available. If we sum all the enrolment data for Europe, we get a private share of 16.0%, excluding countries and regions where either private enrolments or total enrolments are not available, such as Austria, Ireland, Spain and Turkey. If we take the enrollment data drawn from the regional tables (48% for Latin America, 36.4% for Asia, 16.0% for Europe, and 14.6% for Africa), and if we weigh in the U.S.A. at 26.1%, we get a private share of total global higher education as 31.3%. 1 For the Latin American countries, data include undergraduate and graduate enrolment, except for Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Venezuela where only undergraduate is depicted. 2 University centers, university institutions or university institutes count within the university sector for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay. 3 Although some numbers are shown by sources, they are not solid enough to place in the table, particularly in regard to inconsistency about what is counted as higher education. 4 For several West European countries, there is great ambiguity on what is private. The OECD and Eurydice databases refer to public institutions and to independent private and also to government-dependent private institutions. The latter two types may be legally private, administered by nongovernment agencies such as churches, businesses, trade unions, or other bodies. Yet only the independent privates normally are seen as functionally private within the country. According to both databases, the difference between independent private institutions and government-dependent private institutions lies in the degree of core funding a private institution gets from government. If an institution receives 50% or more of its core funding from the government, it is considered government-dependent; in turn, if an institution receives less than 50% of its core funding from the government, it is counted as independent private institution. In each case we put the inclusive private figure into the table and then give the independent private figure in the note to that country. PROPHE s general preference is to list and count as private whatever is legally private and to count as public whatever is legally public and then explore empirically what these institutions are like in practice. Additionally, many government-dependent institutions are more autonomous (or private ) in government than are public institutions, and, in any event, the 50% core funding mark is somewhat arbitrary. Still, in the interest of full information, we show separately both the total private figure (in the table) and the independent private share (in the notes). 5 AL-Omari, Aieman. and Obeidat, Osamha. University Missions/Goals in the Context of Globalization: Public and Private Institutions in the Middle East. International Journal of Private Higher Education 2006 (1): http://www.xaiu.edu.cn/xaiujournal/. Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 10
6 Sources: Ministry of Education, Oman www.moe.gov.om. For the number of the university, Al-Lamki, Salma M. and Qaboos, Sultan. The Development of Private Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman: Perception and Analysis. International Journal of Private Higher Education 2006 (1), [online] available at http://www.xaiu.edu.cn/xaiujournal/. 7 Provided by Yussra Jamjoom. 8 AL-Omari, Aieman. and Obeidat, Osamha, 2006. 9 Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics: 2008. For enrollments: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_189.asp?referrer=list; For institutions: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_265.asp?referrer=list; Also see PROPHE s U.S. case online at http://www.albany.edu/dept/eaps/prophe/data/countrydata.html. 10 AL-Omari, Aieman. and Obeidat, Osamha, 2006. Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 11