46 Skill use by occupational groups Computer use Internet use Basic numeracy Advanced numeracy Problem solving 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40-0.60-0.80-1.00 Teamwork Oral communication Influence others Plan own time Write Read document type texts Plan others time Fine motor skills Read prose type texts Gross motor skills Total Service (low-skill) Goods Information (low-skill) Information (high-skill) Managers Knowledge (expert)
47 Formal learning Education providers Informal learning Learner Ownership Traditional institutions Other providers Is there no end to the expansion of higher education? Formal learning Who can make a systemic difference to closing skills gaps? Traditional institutions Other providers How successful do institutions engage with evolving learning needs? Informal learning Can we extend mass education for some to personalised learning for all?
48 Skills shortages and unemployment coexist Ireland Norway South Africa Netherlands France Hungary China Slovenia Greece Mexico Switzerland Turkey United States Australia Brazil India Japan Unemployment rates (2011) Share of employers reporting recruitment difficulties % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30%
49 Skill mismatch by occupational groups MISMATCH-SKILL DEFICIT HIGH-SKILL MATCH 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% MISMATCH-SKILL SURPLUS LOW-SKILL MATCH Goods Service (low-skill) Information (low-skill) Information (high-skill) Managers Knowledge (expert)
50 Evidence on the link between skill mismatch and earnings Skill mismatch and earnings are strongly related Monthly wages US$ 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Age HIGH-SKILL MATCH (high foundation skill, high use) SKILL DEFICIT (low foundation skill, high use) SKILL SURPLUS (high foundation skill, low use) LOW-SKILL MATCH (low foundation skill, low use)
51 Formal learning Education providers Informal learning Learner Ownership Traditional institutions Innovators Is there no end to the expansion of higher education? Formal learning Who can make a systemic difference to closing skills gaps? Traditional institutions Other providers Will institutions succeed shifting responsibility for learning to the learner? Informal learning Can we extend mass education for some to personalised learning for all? skip
52 Participation in higher education among students whose parents have low levels of education (2009) Percentage of 20-34 year-old students in higher education whose parents have low levels of education 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage of parents with low levels of education in the total parent population Odds of being a student in higher education if parents have low levels of education (right axis) Iceland Turkey Portugal Ireland Denmark Netherlands Australia OECD average Finland Luxembourg Norway Greece France Switzerland Hungary Slovenia United States Odds ratio 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
53 Participation in higher education among students whose parents have high levels of education (2009) % 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage of young students (20-34 year-olds) in higher education whose parents have high levels of education Percentage of parents with high educational attainment in the total parent population Odds of being a student in higher education if parents have high levels of education (right axis) Turkey Portugal Hungary Slovak Republic Greece France OECD average Australia Ireland Switzerland United States Slovenia Netherlands Finland Estonia Luxembourg Norway Iceland Denmark Chart A6.2 Odds ratio 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
54 Intergenerational mobility in education (2009) Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than their parents (upward mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo) and status quo by parents' educational level (low, medium, high) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% High Medium Low Downward mobility Upward mobility Status quo by parents educational level Ireland Hungary Australia Greece France Luxembourg Slovenia Netherlands Portugal OECD average Turkey Switzerland Denmark Finland Iceland Norway United States Slovak Republic Estonia
55 No relationship between share of private financing and educational mobility in higher education Percentage of private sources in higher education finance 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Higher share of private financing in higher education United States Australia Netherlands Portugal France Slovenia Ireland Iceland Norway Finland Denmark Higher degree of educational Hungary mobility 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percentage of students in higher education whose parents have low education
56 A close relationship between equity at school and equity in higher education The odds of a 20-34 year-old attending higher education if parents have low levels of education (2009) 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 the more likely it is that people with disadvantaged backgrounds make it into higher education Iceland Finland Portugal Ireland Greece Norway Denmark 2 Australia 1 Switzerland Hungary United States 2 1 The weaker the influence of social background on learning outcomes at school (PISA) R² = 0.37 0.00 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Impact of PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) on student reading performance (2000) Note: The number of students attending higher education are under-reported for Australia,, and the United States compared to the other countries as they only include students who attained ISCED 5A, while the other countries include students who attained ISCED 5A and/or 5B. Therefore, the omission of data on 5B qualifications may understate intergenerational mobility in these countries. 1. Data source from Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALL) of 2006.
57 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Participation in non-formal education, by age group 25-34 year-olds 55-64 year-olds 30% 20% 10% 0% Chart C6.2 Switzerland Norway United States Finland Netherlands Denmark Estonia Slovak Republic Korea Australia OECD average Slovenia Ireland Portugal Greece Turkey Hungary
58 Ratio 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Ratio of expected cost of working time devoted to employer-sponsored non-formal education to annual labour cost over the working life (2007) In equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities, employed 25-64 year-olds, by gender Hungary Chart C6.5 Men Women Total Denmark Greece Portugal OECD average Norway Netherlands Finland Estonia Slovak Republic
59 Annual labour costs of employer-sponsored non-formal education as a percentage of GDP (2007) Employed 25-64 year-olds % 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Compares with 1.6% for higher education OECD average 0.0 Norway Denmark Chart C6.1 Finland Netherlands OECD average Portugal Estonia Slovak Republic Greece Hungary
60 Making lifelong learning a reality for all Skills by age Skill score 305 295 285 275 265 255 245 235 225 15 25 35 45 55 65 Age No adjustment Adjusted for immigrant status and education Adjusted for immigrant status, education and reading engagement