The Language of Football England vs. Germany (working title) by Elmar Thalhammer. Abstract

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1 The Language of Football England vs. Germany (working title) by Elmar Thalhammer Abstract As opposed to about fifteen years ago, football has now become a socially acceptable phenomenon in both Germany and England. One only needs to take a look at modern football stadia or arenas (as they are often called these days) and consider the wide spectrum of people attracted by the game: workers, families, business men, academics. Likewise, the interest in the language attached to football has grown within the linguistic community over the years and yielded fascinating studies involving metaphors, syntactic properties of television commentaries, online dictionaries, etc. The output of the Innsbruck Football Research Group to be found in Lavric et al. (2008) serves as an illustrative example of the manifold interests which football and its language have attracted. In my dissertation, I will focus on the metaphors used in English and German live radio broadcasts an idea which I had briefly explored previously in my MA thesis (cf. Thalhammer forthc.). The results confirmed my first intuition, namely that English and German football language are, despite undeniable similarities, substantially different, especially with regard to the metaphorical expressions employed. Based on the assumptions made by Lakoff and Johnson (cf. 1980) and the subsequent research they have sparked, these linguistic differences also yield insights into the way people conceptualise the world. In the case of abstract domains like ANGER or LOVE (cf. Kövecses 1986 and 1988 respectively) metaphor is probably the most important tool to make these very elusive concepts more tangible by conceptualising them through concrete domains (like JOURNEY). It is interesting to note, however, that these cross-domain mappings also happen between concrete domains only, as they do in football language. And although the game is essentially the same all over the world, the expressions used to describe its actions and properties very often do not translate literally from one language to another. These first insights, however, were achieved by a quality-based approach (I analysed 164 metaphors and metonymies) and did not investigate differences with regard to relative frequency and statistical significance of the examined items of vocabulary. What has become evident, though, is the fact that even source domains

2 which are prominent in both languages (like WAR) are exploited to varying extents, which can be taken as a first hint that the degree of entrenchment of the same conceptual metaphor may be different in each language. The main goal of my dissertation is to deal with the above mentioned shortcomings and provide a more systematic, quantitative and, above all, corpus-based analysis of football language in English and German. Although newspaper reports are more easily accessible and broadly available in digitalised form (which would make processing them through corpus-linguistic tools much easier), I decided to use radio commentaries, because they have several advantages over written articles; they are produced very spontaneously as the commentator has to react immediately to the action on the football pitch and needs to rely on linguistic means, since the listener does not see the match. Thus, the output is mainly concerned with describing actions on the pitch or things immediately related to it (like the reactions of the crowd, the atmosphere inside the stadium, etc.). In other words, this type of discourse is an ideal source for prototypical football language, as the commentators must use more or less conventionalised expressions in order to be understood by the listeners. TV commentators, for example, do not have to describe every single action on and around the pitch and can thus focus more on other aspects, like the further development of the competition or anecdotes. Especially highly prolific pundits, such as Andy Gray or Marcel Reif, (consciously or not) try to develop their own recognisable style, even including certain catchphrases. In order to be able to work with quantitative methods, my first aim is to compile two comparatively large corpora of football commentaries for both English and German; I refer to them as the Munich Corpus of Football Commentaries (MCFC-E and MCFC-G); each is to contain approximately 100,000 words. The source material consists of digitally taped full live radio commentaries of football matches on various levels (1 st division, 2 nd division, international cup competition, international friendly matches). In order to provide for enough balance, the maximum time per speaker is limited to 45 minutes (one half of a match); however, these ratios may vary, since the number of commentators can differ considerably between matches. Using Laurence Anthony s latest version of AntConc the subcorpora (i.e. the output of each speaker) will subsequently undergo a keyword analysis against an English and a German reference corpus (FLOB and the database Gesprochenes Deutsch of the IDS Mannheim respectively) to compare the log-likelihood rankings of each subcorpus, which

3 should act as a first indicator for a significant amount of special lexical characteristics. These rankings need to be considered carefully, though, since the accumulation of certain words (like shoot) depends highly on the nature of the game, which is commented on. Therefore, the subcorpora will also be analysed against each other to find out if individual speakers produce a significant amount of idiosyncrasies or if the vocabulary they employ is more or less consistent throughout. More often than not, little dictionaries of football terminology or glossaries are mainly based on introspection and hardly take authentic language material into account (which is probably the reason why one would find odd and sometimes outdated looking entries in them). Another goal of my dissertation to provide a comprehensive stock of football expressions which is for once grounded in usage rather than assumptions about usage. So once it is confirmed that the two corpora are sufficiently representative of the language employed in football, salient items of vocabulary will be extracted with AntConc, again using keyword analysis and log-likelihood rankings. However, since my approach is concerned with lexemes rather than word forms, these rankings may not be blindly trusted, as several word forms are subsumed under one lexeme (which is especially true for the complex morphology of German). Therefore, these rankings have to be recalculated to yield reliable results for lexemes and not word forms. In order to help with the specifics and to make sure the final results are valid, statisticians of the Stablab (Statistisches Beratungslabor, Institut für Statistik, LMU) will be involved in the procedures. These analyses should produce sets of vocabulary which are typical of English and German respectively. In order to be able to analyse the conceptual metaphors behind English and German football language, one needs to identify metaphorical language first a step which has often been taken for granted and thus given little consideration. It is necessary, however, to be clear about what is deemed metaphorical language and what is not, especially if one works with quantitative methods. Due to its extensively tested reliability, I will choose the Metaphor Identification Procedure in its refined form by the Vrije Univeristeit Amsterdam (MIPVU, cf. Steen et al., frothc.) to identify the metaphorical expressions in the corpora and hence rule out non-metaphorical expressions. This method was originally derived for English only, but has recently been extended to Dutch as well. Consequently, I will have to adapt this procedure to the needs of my German corpus. In the end, this will produce further sub-sets of vocabulary which then qualify as metaphorical football language for English and German

4 respectively. They will be grouped into categories according to their original source domains, which will be derived from large corpus-based dictionaries (like Macmillan). Accompanying this purely quantitative approach, I will also keep track of lowfrequency and non-significant expressions, which qualify as metaphorical according to MIPVU. These have often been neglected in recent metaphor research, since conventional and more entrenched metaphors are deemed more interesting and fruitful for the identification of conceptual metaphors. Along with Murphy (cf. 1996) I would like to argue that novel metaphorical expressions can also be used to identify conceptual metaphors, especially those which are within the framework of an already established conceptual metaphor (cf. also Gibbs 1994, 262). Hence, I will not simply discard low-frequency and non-significant metaphoric expressions, but rather classify them as novel or unconventional ; it almost goes without saying that there will be a cline from fully conventionalised to novel metaphors rather than a strict dichotomy. One could argue against metaphor as a way of thinking that it is simply a purely linguistic surface phenomenon which does not tell us much about human cognitive abilities. In order to show that this is not the case and that there are significant differences in the way English and German people conceptualise football (which are reflected by different metaphoric expressions in language) respectively, I will put selected English and German football metaphors through a set of psycholinguistic experiments. These experiments should test if the assumed differences in conceptualisation are psychologically real or not. For this purpose, I aim to acquire a representative sample of testees in both Germany and the United Kingdom 1 and run psycholinguistic tests (e.g. priming or lexical decision tasks) with them to find out if their conceptualisation of football is consistently different between the two groups. What is more, I would also like to include the above mentioned novel metaphorical expressions and test if there is a difference in processing when they are part of an already established conceptual metaphor (like FOOTBALL IS WAR) or not. My hypothesis is that the processing is greatly influenced if there is an already established link between two domains, a phenomenon I would like to call conceptual background (cf. Thalhammer 2007, 16). To conclude, the overall goals of my dissertation are as follows. The first aim is the compilation of a comparatively large corpus of football commentaries for both 1 Potential partners for cooperation would be the National Football Museum in Preston or the Deutsches Fußballmuseum in Dortmund.

5 English and German; these corpora should be representative and balanced so they are also fit for further research. As a second goal I have set myself the task of extracting the central (and peripheral) vocabulary of football language, which is not based on intuition but on the observation of authentic linguistic material. Thirdly, I will identify the metaphorical part of it (both conventional and novel) and the source domains involved in English and German. Finally, I will test two assumptions, namely that linguistic differences also represent psychologically real conceptual differences between the two language communities and that already established conceptual links (i.e. conceptual background) influence the processing of novel metaphors. Bibliography Gibbs, Raymond W. Jr. (1994), The poetics of mind: figurative thought, language and understanding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kövecses, Zoltán (1986), Metaphors of anger, pride and love, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Kövecses, Zoltán (1988), The Language of Love, London/ Toronto: Associated University Press. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson (1980), Metaphors we live by, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lavric, Eva, Gerhard Pisek, Andrew Skinner, Wolfgang Stadler, eds. (2008), The Linguistics of Football, Tübingen: Gunter Narr. Murphy, Gregory L. (1996), On metaphoric representation, Cognition 60, Steen, Gerard, Lettie Dorst, Berenike Herrmann, Anna Kaal, Tina Krennmayr, Tryntje Pasma (forthc.), A method for linguistic metaphor identification: a casebook, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Thalhammer, Elmar (forthc.), The Language of Football A comparison of metaphors and metonymies in English and German football commentaries (unpublished MA thesis, University of Munich).

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