Education for an Information Age

Transcription

1 Education for an Information Age Teaching in the Computerized Classroom 7th Edition by Bernard John Poole, MSIS University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Johnstown, PA, USA and Elizabeth Sky-McIlvain, MLS Least Tern, Maine, USA with John Evans, MS Boise State University Published on-line and freely available at Bernard John Poole, Elizabeth Sky McIlvain, John Evans, All rights reserved

2 Dedicated to Lucy Poole Bernard s mother, 97 years young, February 15, 2006 Anne Giorgio Marilyn Giorgio-Poole s mother, 91 years young, December 23, 2006 Marilyn Giorgio-Poole, PhD Bernard s wife, whose dogged determination to complete a task once begun has inspired him in the completion of many a tough task, including this book Zsolt Poole Marilyn and Bernard s son, who is busy completing a significant task of his own just now as he nears completion of his Masters' degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh John McIlvain, Willa Sky Bacon and every teacher and administrator who looks to the 21st Century iii

3 Brief Contents Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Technology Use in Teaching and Learning: What's the Return on Investment (ROI) A presentation of the evidence supporting computer use in schools Computer Hardware for K-12 Education An overview of the nuts and bolts of computing Software Systems for Microcomputers A discussion of the different types of software used with today's computing systems Educational Computing Environments An examination of the issues and logistics involved in the establishment and integration of computers in schools Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Multimedia Authorware Creating Learning Tools A summary of the ways in which teachers can author their own learning systems Funding Technology Projects A presentation of the ins and outs of raising money to fund educational technology projects Computers, Education, and Society An overview of the ways in which computers are transforming the world in which our students live Reflections on Education for an Information Age An examination of the theoretical validation of computer-based teaching and learning, and of the problems translating theory into practice Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Computer-Managed Instruction (CMI) The computer as a useful tool to aid the teacher in and out of the classroom Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) An overview of the ways in which computer technology can help students learn Computers and Communications An examination of how computers and communications extend education's reach e-learning and Information Literacy An examination of the pros and cons of the internet as a medium for doing education Educational Multimedia A review of the power of technology to enrich the learning experience across the range of intelligences APPENDICES Appendix A History of Computers (PowerPoint) BIBLIOGRAPHY iv

4 Full Table of Contents Introduction... 1 The Challenge of Change... 1 The Need for Change... 1 Teachers Make a Difference... 2 Objectives of the Text... 3 New in the 6 th Edition... 5 Conclusion... 6 Chapter 1 Technology Use in Teaching and Learning: What's the Return on Investment (ROI)... 7 Learning Outcomes... 7 Introduction... 8 Sources for research and other findings... 9 What general conclusions can we draw from the research? In what ways does digital (computer-based) technology enhance teaching and learning? When used effectively, the computer is a valuable tool in support of learning When used effectively, the computer is a valuable tool in support of teaching When used effectively, the computer is a valuable tool in support of children s socialization Computers and related technologies enable children with disabilities to integrate successfully into the education system Software that is well designed to support learning enables a teacher to duplicate excellence Summary of research outcomes The Three R s Science Social Studies Computer-assisted collaborative learning One-to-one computing Why is it taking so long for schools to change? Computer-integrated teaching and learning: The Ten Pillars of Success Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 2 Computer Hardware for K-12 Education Learning Outcomes Electronic Computers Were Invented to Meet Educational Needs The Components of a Personal Computer System iii

5 The monitor The system unit The keyboard and other input devices Disk Drive(s) Printers The Mouse The Components of a Multimedia Educational Computing System Mass Data Storage Systems Display Devices Speakers Scanners Digital Cameras and Digital Video Cameras Visual Presenters (also called Visualizers or Document Cameras) Maintaining Your Computer System General Do's and Dont s Taking Care of Disks Organizing your data on disk Printers for multimedia systems Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 3 Software Systems For Personal Computers Learning Outcomes The Layers of Software Firmware: Software that is part of the computer's hardware The Operating System A definition of a traditional operating system The definition of a modern operating system Utilities Common Operating System functions Useful user-controlled operating system functions The Graphical User Interface (GUI) The Problem of Nonstandard User Interfaces Standardization through Integrated Software or Suites of Programs Standardization through Graphical User Interfaces Some background history of the GUI GUIs and Educational Psychology Applications Software Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 4 Educational Computing Environments Learning Outcomes Introduction iv

6 First Things First: Training for the Teachers ISTE Educational Technology Foundations for Teachers Safety First: Computers and Health Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electronic Emissions Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Ergonomics to the Rescue Other Ergonomics-Related Recommendations Summary of Safety and Ergonomics Recommendations Computer setup Computers in the Classroom The Planning, Design, and Management of the Computer Lab or Multi-Computer Classroom (One-to-One Computing) Recommendations for Lab or Multi-user Classroom Management Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 5 Computer-Managed Instruction (CMI) Learning Outcomes Introduction People, Not Computers, Increase Productivity The Computer Is Here to Stay Success with Computers Does Not Come Easily Teachers and Productivity Applications The Word Processor The Database The Spreadsheet Drawing and Painting Applications Clip Art Learning Assets Charts and Graphs Integrated Applications Presentation (Authoring) Software Managing with PowerPoint (or Other Presentation Application) Web-based Presentations Multimedia Applications Graphical Organizers Communications Software Useful Utilities Other Utilities Other Elements of CMI Using Electronic Templates Preparing and Maintaining Curricula and Syllabi Curriculum Mapping Preparing Learning Materials About Boards v

7 Desktop Publishing Extending Your Productivity Toolkit with the Web Assessment Portfolios Rubrics Tests Using the Computer to Generate Tests Grading Tests Distance Learning The Smart Classroom Computer-Coordinated Classrooms Managing and Guiding Students Communicating Between Home and School Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 6 Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) Learning Outcomes Introduction Children Want to Learn Technology Tools: Students and Productivity Software Productivity Software is a Platform for CAI Word Processing Database Management Spreadsheets and Charting tools Drawing and Painting Graphics Tools Authoring or Presentation Software Graphical Organizers Communications Technology Tools and Testers: Classifications of CAI Caveat: The Teacher Should Come Bundled with the Software Software for Drill & Practice Software for Tutorials Software for Simulations and Gaming Software for Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Software for Supporting Learning Computer-Based Laboratories (CBLs) Programming and Problem-Solving Integrated Learning Systems (ILS s) Software Evaluation The Design of Effective Software Evaluation Instruments The Process of CAI System Evaluation and Purchase Looking Back Looking Forward vi

8 Chapter 7 Computers and Communications Learning Outcomes The Scope of Communications Computers & Communications (C&C) Technology Transfer and the Challenge Posed by User Demand Explosion in End-User Computing The Expansion of C&C in Schools A Vision for the Future Computer Networks Computers Communications Channels Modems and Fax/Modems Other Communications Hardware and Software Different Kinds of Computer Networks: LANs, WLANs, WANs and MANs Applications of Computer Networks Telecommunications Hardware Device and Software Sharing The Case for Computer Networks Implementing Computer Networks Recommendations for Successful Introduction of Computer Networks in Schools The Impact of Computer Networks in Education Home-School Communications Schools Need Parents Parents Need Help, too! The Schools Must Take Responsibility The Importance of the Student-Parent-Teacher Gestalt The TransParent School Model Outcomes of the TransParent School Model C&C Today Extensions of the TransParent School Model The Importance of Choice Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 8 e-learning and Information Literacy Learning Outcomes Reflections on the Learning Process Data-Rich, Information-Poor The Transfer of Data to Information is a Unique Individual Experience What is e-learning? Why e-learning is Important The e-learning Environment A Distance Learning Example Tools for e-learning vii

9 Model e-learning Projects Design Considerations for Effective e-learning Information Literacy and Internet Concerns Searching the Internet: Search Engines Search Strategies Behaving (netiquette) on the Internet Filtering and Other Issues: Can We Control the Content of the Internet Without Censorship? PICS: The Platform for Internet Content Selection Plagiarism and copyright violations Other Problems with Internet Use Savvy Searching of the Web Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 9 Educational Multimedia Learning Outcomes Introduction The Importance of the Senses in Learning AV/IT AVAsGo High-Tech The Concept of Computer-Based Multimedia Multimedia Has Added a New Dimension to the Process of Teaching and Learning Multimedia Authoring Tools Multimedia Hardware Data Capture Devices Data Storage Technology Data Display Devices Software for Media Object Production Hypermedia Systems: Bringing It All Together Hypertext Hypermedia Hypermedia and the Internet Media Literacy Using Copyrighted Materials Fair Use Some Suggestions Model Schools Looking Back Looking Forward viii

10 Chapter 10 Multimedia Authorware Creating Learning Tools Learning Outcomes Introduction: Programming Is Hard Why Should Teachers Learn About Software Development? Some Historical Background on Programming Languages Knowledge is Power Characteristics of Quality Authorware Quality Authorware puts the non-technical user's needs first Quality Authorware is crafted with care and is relatively bug-free Quality Authorware makes the computer appear to be almost human in its responsiveness and anticipation of user needs Quality educational software will eventually have to move to far more powerful computer systems than even those that are state of the art in classrooms today Authoring Programs: How Teachers Can Get Involved KidPix Deluxe(KidPix 4) HyperStudio PowerPoint Night Kitchen's TK Programming on the Web HTML, JavaScript, DHTML, and JAVA Web Page Editors Online Solutions Elements of an Effective Educational Website Authorware Essentials Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 11 Funding Technology Projects Learning Outcomes Introduction: Everything Points to an Increase in the Cost of Education The Goals of Education in an Information Age The Five Competencies of Effective Workers The Foundation Skills Required of Effective Workers Sources of Funding and Support Preparing Grant Proposals Steps in the Preparation of a Grant Proposal Strategies for Successful Applications The Qualities of a Grantsperson Evaluating Your Technology Program The Purpose of Evaluation When Should a Program be Evaluated? The Components of the Evaluation Process Looking Back Looking Forward ix

11 Chapter 12 Computers, Education, and Society Learning Outcomes Computers, For Good or Ill, Are Transforming Our World Extending the Capabilities of the Mind Extending the Capabilities of the Body Robotics Help for the Disabled Population Explosion Species Extinctions and Cllimate Change Education and the Information Society Information Overload Information and Wealth The Place of Computer-Based Learning in Schools Ethical and Legal Issues and Computers Privacy Invasion Computing Inequities: The Digital Divide Security: Hacking and Cracking Computer Viruses and Other Malware Malware: Worms and Trojan Horses Spyware and Spam Trespass of Computer Systems Money Theft (Embezzlement) Steps Schools Should Take to Secure Networks and Computers A Final Note About Passwords Looking Back Looking Forward Chapter 13 Reflections on Education for an Information Age Learning Outcomes Computers, Learning Theory, and Cognitive Development Computers and Learning Learning Theory The Importance of Individualized Education When Should the Computer be Used in the Classroom? Computer-based Learning Enables the Teacher to Tailor the Learning Situation to Individual Student Needs Computer-Based Learning Suits Children s Desire to Control Their Own Learning The Computer is an Invaluable Tool for Classroom Management The Computer is the Best Writing Implement Invented Yet Caveats Regarding Computer Use in the Classroom Computers Should Not Be Used for Purely Passive Learning A Computer Does Not Take the Craft Out of Writing x

12 Spelling Checkers Do Not Have All the Answers Computers Cannot Replace the Teacher s Skill and Experience Computers Should Not Be Allowed to Take Away from the Teacher s Responsibility for Careful Class Preparation The Computer Can Be an Excellent Child Minder, But That is Not How It Should Be Used Computers Should Not Be Used Purely As Electronic Page Turners Computer-Integrated Teaching and Learning: The Pillars of Success Pillar 1: Leadership Must Provide Active and Committed Support Pillar 2: Selling is Better Than Telling Pillar 3: Invest In and Train a Core Team of Teacher-Computerists Pillar 4: Recognize That Technological Change is Fast and That Keeping Up-to-Date is Challenging and Essential Pillar 5: All Teachers Receive On-going Training Pillar 6: All Teachers Receive On-going Technical Support Pillar 7: Use It or Lose It Pillar 8: Parents and Students Are Actively Involved in the Evolutionary Process Pillar 9 There Must Be Planned and Systematic Financial Investment In Technology-Integrated Teaching and Learning Pillar 10 Technology is For All and Involves All in the Process of Lifelong Learning Taking Care of the Teachers Teachers Must Have Time Teachers Must Have Ongoing Training Teachers Must Have Logistical and Technical Support A Final Word (from John Dewey) Looking Back Looking Forward Appendix A History of Computers (PowerPoint) BIBLIOGRAPHY xi