The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators JTABSE

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1 The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators JTABSE 2018

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3 JTABSE Volume 3, Number 1 Spring 2018

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5 The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators 2018 The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators is published by the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators (TABSE), 3100 Richmond Avenue, Suite 306, Houston, Texas The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators carries a variety of articles and manuscripts that contribute knowledge and ideas in the quest for excellence in educating children of African descent and other minority learners. Each issue contains research articles, general interest articles, and book reviews. Views expressed do not necessarily reflect the position taken by the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators. ADVERTISING For information on advertising in the Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators, please contact Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher, Co-Editor, at jenntbutcher@gmail.com or Dr. Johnny O Connor, Co-Editor, at joconnorjr@lamar.edu. COPYRIGHT Copyright 2018, TABSE. No part of this periodical may be reproduced without consent of TABSE. Requests for permission should be sent to the co-editors. TO PURCHASE ADDITIONAL COPIES The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators, is a benefit to TABSE members at no cost. Single issues may be purchased for $20.00 each. A surcharge will apply for all foreign subscriptions. Orders may be made payable to the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators JTABSE. 3

6 TABSE Executive Board Officers Dr. Kimberly McLeod Dr. David Harris Dr. Michael D. McFarland Phyllis Williams Mae Olison Dr. Colina Poullard Dr. Chris Pichon Dr. Dawn DuBose-Randle Spencer Hughes Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher Dr. Lindy Perkins President President-Elect Immediate Past President Executive Director Recording Secretary Treasurer Financial Secretary Correspondence Secretary Chaplain Parliamentarian Historian Board Members (Affiliate Presidents) Mae Olison Natalyn Samuels Dr. Cherie Washington Stacia Paschel Dr. Tory Hill Lisa Weber James Keeton Darwin Spillar Dr. Helena Mosley Yomesha Mosley Alamo Area ABSE Brazos Valley AABSE Ft. Worth ABSE Garland Area ABSE Houston Area ABSE Lamar University ABSE Northeast Texas ABSE Richardson ABSE Southwest DC ABSE Tyler Area ABSE 4

7 JTABSE Co-Editors Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher Houston Baptist University Dr. Johnny O Connor Lamar University Editorial Advisory Board Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher Houston Baptist University Dr. Porchanee' A. White Pages And Words, Consulting, LLC Editorial Peer Reviewers Dr. Colina Poullard TABSE Executive Board Member Tanya Thompson Educational Consultant Dr. Freddie Titus Lamar University 5

8 FROM THE EDITORS The Texas Alliance of Black School Educators (TABSE) has a long legacy of providing critical insight into research related to minority students in both higher education and PK 12 settings. Given this, we see The Journal of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators (JTABSE), as an effective tool in reaching a broader audience in hopes of effectuating positive change throughout the state and nation. The purpose of this journal is to provide peer-reviewed research addressing topics that continue to impact minorities in public and higher education. Our goals are to: Provide current research relevant to the education of minorities in the state of Texas, and beyond. Contribute to, and extend, the current body of existing literature. Spark further conversation and interest in the research presented within the journal. We hope that you enjoy the manuscripts provided in this edition. The next edition will be available in August 2018, the Back to School Edition. We are currently accepting manuscripts for review. Please send an electronic copy of your manuscript to Dr. Jennifer Butcher or Dr. Johnny O Connor. All manuscripts are subject to a double blind peer review process. As a peer-reviewed journal, we periodically screen for scholarly reviewers. If you are interested in being a reviewer, please contact Dr. Jennifer Butcher. We ask that reviewers currently hold a master s or doctoral degree, demonstrate knowledge related to the subject matter being reviewed, and have experience in the use of current APA style guidelines. Thank you for your continued support of the Texas Alliance of Black School Educators. If you should have any questions, concerns, or want to offer any feedback, please do not hesitate to contact either Dr. Jennifer Butcher or Dr. Johnny R O Connor, Jr. Dr. Jennifer Butcher jenntbutcher@gmail.com Dr. Johnny R. O Connor, Jr. joconnorjr@lamar.edu 6

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Message From The Editors Research Articles Experiences of Ten Successful African American Male Superintendents in Texas Public School, pp John E. Quary, Ed.D., Johnny O Connor, Ph.D., Jennifer T. Butcher, Ph.D. The Miseducation of African American Males: Fostering Resiliency to Promote Academic Success, pp Angela M. Powell, MA, LPC-S, CSC The Reexamination of a Multi-Year Enhancement Plan for Passing the Principal Licensure Examination at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) in Texas, pp Arthur L. Petterway, Ph.D., Elaine L Wilmore, Ph. D., Ramiro Bautista, Shannon A. Green A Phenomenological Narrative Study of African American Male Community College Instructors, pp Jerry L. Wallace, Jr., Ed. D. School Administrators as a Successful Change Agent in America s Schools with the Application of Postmodernism, pp Arthur L. Petterway, PhD White Teachers Perceptions of Giftedness among African American Students, pp Mack T. Hines, III, Ed.D, Dianne Reed, Ed.D., Renata Nero, Ph.D., Charlotte Fontenot 7

10 EXPERIENCES OF TEN SUCCESSFUL AFRICAN AMERICAN MALE SUPERINTENDENTS IN TEXAS PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTS John E. Quary, Ed.D. Superintendent of Schools, Diocese of Victoria Victoria, TX Johnny O Connor, Ph.D. Lamar University Beaumont, TX joconnorjr@lamar.edu Jennifer T. Butcher, Ph.D. Houston Baptist University Houston, TX jbutcher@hbu.edu ABSTRACT The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of 10 African American male superintendents in Texas public schools. Three research questions guided this phenomenological study: (1) What were the career decisions that led to seeking a superintendent position? (2) What challenges were encountered in attaining and sustaining the superintendency? (3) What advice can be given to other African American males who aspire to the superintendency? Ten currently serving African American male Texas district superintendents met the criteria and were interviewed. The researcher drew from Tillman's Culturally Sensitive Research (CSR) model that served as the foundation of this study. Based on the data, the overall conclusion that supports the success of the African American male superintendency is primarily founded on relationship building, coupled with personal and professional development. For aspiring and present superintendents and administrators, these conclusions may provide insights into the phenomenon of the African American male superintendency, while offering possible explanations for the scarcity of this district leader subpopulation. INTRODUCTION During the period following the founding of the United States, African Americans played an intermittent part in the education landscape predominantly absent and extremely limited (Moody, 1971). Prior to the 19th century, the topic of education for African Americans was exceptionally remote. As the Civil War period came to a close, African Americans were essentially segregated in schools limited to African Americans only (Moody, 1971). According to Horsford (2010), the Commission on Research in Black Education reported that the status quo of education in the African American community is tantamount to a setback of diminishing returns compared to the historic practice of racial educational distinction of 8

11 countless descendants of Africa in spite of xenophobia. Even though there were periods throughout American history when African American educators and leaders were more prominent and present, nonetheless, within the last half-century, that presence and prominence has diminished (Brown, 2005; Dantley & Tillman, 2006; McCray, Wright, & Beachum, 2007; Tillman, 2003; Whitaker, 2001). Ironically, the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), brought with it, new challenges and problems for African American educators. More than fifty years after the Brown decision, African American educators continue to struggle to gain equity within the ranks of administration, especially at the level of the superintendency (Balkin, 2002; Bell, 2004; Green, 2004; Lyons & Chesley, 2004; McCray, Wright, & Beachum, 2007; Ogletree, 2004). REVIEW OF LITERATURE History of the Superintendency Grieder, Pierce, and Jordan (1969) and Norton, Webb, Dlugosh, and Sybouts (1996), reported that the school superintendent, initially known as the school inspector, had its origin in the early 1800s. Buffalo, New York, is believed to have been the site of the earliest school inspector chosen in Apparently, within three months, the inspector gave his notice. A $75- annual compensation package was given to his replacement. This trend began to grow, as did the salary, during the early decades, but by 1867, notwithstanding, there were only 30 superintendents in the United States. Though these early superintendents were in cities, it was not until the twentieth century that these positions were also found in rural areas (Campbell, 1980). As the scope of the superintendent s responsibilities continued to grow, the move for consolidating smaller, rural districts in greater county districts became necessary (Campbell, Cunningham, Nystrand, & Usdan, 1980). Utah was one of the initial states to employ this type of configuration; in 1905, it enacted an elective restructuring tantamount to combined regions (Campbell et al., 1980). This reorganizing promoted both the availability of secondary buildings and resources and the ability of states to select worthy school leaders (Bateman, 1940). This consolidation movement was viewed as the precursor of present-day Texas independent county and school districts (Glass et al., 2000). The superintendency has evolved into a position that often bears the responsibility for the very survival of school districts (Brunner & Bjork, 2001; Kowalski, McCord, Peterson, Young & Ellerson, 2011). Among others, viable areas that fall within the purview of the superintendent include student achievement, employment of the building administrator, and acting as an integral link between the local community and the school board (Kamler, 2009). Historical Perspective of African American Males Education In the period preceding the Civil War, African Americans were forbidden to be educated, while their White female counterparts were allowed (Lerner, 1972; Shakeshaft, 1989). Though it was against the law to provide any type of learning to African Americans, people of color began to covertly teach other African Americans. At the turn of the 20 th century, African American females began to attend schools and colleges, and comprised approximately 70% of the African American instructors (Collier-Thomas, 1982; Shakeshaft, 1989). Following the Civil War, when slavery in the United States was legally eradicated, up until the middle of the 20 th century, African Americans were charged with founding schools to educate their own youngsters 9

12 (Franklin, 1990; Perkins, 1983; Tillman, 2003). During that time, the teachers and administrators who were responsible for the education of African American students within the classroom were also almost exclusively African American. Some of these early teachers were elevated to the distinction of lead teachers, known as Jeanes Supervisors, founded by Anna T. Jeanes, who supported them by establishing the Negro Rural School Fund in 1907 (Collier- Thomas, 1982; Shakeshaft, 1989). According to Fultz and Brown (2008), since the time of slavery, African American males in America have had an uneasy relationship in the financial systems of the areas where they have lived (p. 856). This uncomfortable affiliation has led to insurmountable difficulty in employment and objects of various planned rules and protocols, which have ultimately resulted in incomparable financial restriction. Historical records detail that almost 70% of the slaves brought to the New World were African American males, as their ability to work hard equaled monetary gains and new territories for their slave owners (Berlin & Morgan, 1993). Fultz and Brown (2008) noted this reality led to the proliferation of slavery of African American males, especially, which eventually brought about an unruly cadre of manpower who constantly competed for individual dignity and personal liberty, within the context of keeping their kinfolk safe and together. These opposing outlooks developed into strained racial interactions that have spanned two centuries. As has been noted by Carter G. Woodson, an African American chronicler, the early 1800s was a period of strict rules and regulations levied by the legislature against enslaved African Americans, particularly concerning the schooling of African Americans, as well as their ability to gather among themselves (Fultz & Brown, 2008). According to Woodson, a Virginia delegate recounted the feeling of the time, in 1832, in this way: We have as far as possible closed every avenue by which light may enter their minds. If we could extinguish the capacity to see the light, our work would be completed; they would then be on the level with the beasts of the field and we would be safe (Woodson, as cited in Fultz & Brown, 2008). Fultz and Brown (2008) argued that attitudes such as these oppressive rules and edicts did little to quell the notion of unrest among slaves, primarily in the South, which frequently resulted in resistance and upheaval movements directed by Gabriel Prosser and Nat Turner in the early 1800s. There were similar obstacles to educating African Americans located in the northern part of the country. However, Rury (1985) noted that there were alternative views to educating African Americans as indicated by a few all boys schools for African Americans sponsored by humanitarian groups of Pennsylvania and New York during the late 18 th century. Noteworthy was the implication that these benevolent supported-schools took an uncanny interest in developing a group of African American males who had a sense of appreciation for education while adhering to social mores of approved and acceptable behavior patterns that were in keeping with Caucasian expectations. Fultz and Brown (2008) pointed out that the hopes of liberty and fairness had been dashed by the beginning of the 1900s. Although slavery had been abolished and the 14 th and 15 th Amendments had established an atmosphere to advance civil rights for newly-freed slaves, sharecropping, legal separation of the races, financial constraints focused on African Americans, and rampant hangings and brutal crimes against African Americans overshadowed the promise of a better life for freedmen. Notwithstanding, some saw segregated schools of the early 1900s as a collective means of instilling family values and community worth within the African American learning centers 10

13 which began as newly freed slaves began to be educated (Walker & Archung, 2003). Horsford (2010) presented varied ways of seeing the segregated schools of the past as an interdependent project that provided institutional caring that was vibrant for African Americans, as much as it was a source of African American pride and quality education for many (p. 60). Others, such as Green (2004), observed that more progress for African Americans would be slow until the landmark decisions of Brown v. Board of Education (1954, 1955). However, the Brown decision also presented a paradox as both its positive and negative ramifications were felt throughout history and plagues African Americans still. Green noted that the rippling effect of Brown caused the more familial, community units to fade, which resulted in another type of forced segregation. Moreover, Green highlighted the effects of the Brown decision to integrate schools led to the demise of African American schools resulting in the loss of many instructional and administrative positions of African Americans. These closures, often touted as attempts to provide better buildings and more qualified teachers, led to increased prerequisites for employment which compounded the losses for African American teachers and administrators. Green emphasized that African Americans of segregated schools demanded excellence and possessed high expectations for their students, especially those of color. Foster (2005) noted that during the time of large cadres of African American teachers and administrators, African American parents felt that their children would be presented with upstanding, promising models who would promote similar messages in the classrooms that echoed the home environment. Epps (2002) posited that these diminished numbers of African American educators have had a profound, adverse impact on schools and ultimately society. African American teachers and administrators frequently were seen as mother and father figures, compassionate caretakers and caregivers, as well as exemplars and encouragers for children of color. Onwuegbuzie (1998) added that for the African American students, the presence of teachers and administrators who look more like them often serves as a role model of achievement for students of color. In a more general way, the presence of these African American educators contributes to dispelling the stereotypes that African Americans are inferior to their European counterparts. Furthermore, according to Lyons and Chelsey (2004), while the impact of the fallout of the Brown decision caused numerous losses of African-American administrative positions in the post-brown era, those voids have yet to be adequately filled. Lyons and Chelsey (2004) noted another questionable outcome of the Brown decision was the lack of African American students who were choosing to pursue careers in education. After all, since other fields of study and occupations, many of which paid higher salaries, were becoming more available to African Americans, the trend toward seeking educational careers was waning. Thus, fewer African American teachers were present in the public school classrooms, which led to fewer models for African American students, as well as fewer advocates for fair and equitable service to students of color. Moody (1971) added that the effects of the Brown decision did not produce immediate transformations in public schools, for court cases continue to be waged in the fight for equal educational rights for African Americans. Demographics of Superintendents The number of public school districts in the United States for the school term was approximately 13,500 (National Center for Education Statistics, 2015). The American Association of School Administrators (AASA) released a study by Kowalski, McCord, Peterson, Young, and Ellerson (2011), which has been viewed as a reputable source of data highlighting educational administrators in the United States. According to the study, the majority of 11

14 participating U. S. district superintendents were married, White males, between the ages of 55 and 60 (p. 1). Nevertheless, the number of female superintendents has increased gradually, especially during the decade of , when the percent of women superintendents rose from 6.6% to 13.2% (Glass, Björk, & Brunner, 2000). Furthermore, according to Finnan, McCord, Stream, Petersen, and Ellerson (2015), African American males comprised less than 1% of the 1347 male respondents. According to this AASA salary and benefits study, the poorer and larger urban districts were headed by minority superintendents more often than their White counterparts. This annual survey revealed many other related data. A state superintendent certification was obtained by 94% of the superintendents surveyed. Doctoral degrees were held more often by superintendents in larger school districts. Length of time in their district was ranked by over half of the entrants as one to five years, with the longer tenure favoring male superintendents. Average annual compensation was $122,000 and generally was determined by the size of the district, i.e., the larger district superintendents commanded a larger salary. Regular yearly evaluations were noted by more than 93% of the respondents. Most of the participants rated their level of job satisfaction as either very satisfied or satisfied with their position. Finnan et al. (2015) reported that the local engagement of neighborhood stakeholders was seen as a necessary ingredient in promoting and realizing shared goals and objectives. According to the Texas Education Agency (Snapshot, 2014), there are 1227 public school districts in the state of Texas, ranging from districts with fewer than 500 students to those that have in excess of 50,000 pupils. According to the Texas Education Agency (2015), the average number of students in Texas school districts is 4,400 students. However, when compared to districts headed by African Americans, the arithmetic mean grows to more than 6,700, an increase of more than 50%. Furthermore, when the gender is also considered, African American male-led districts have a mean of 10,562 students. Of these 1227 districts, about 80% are led by White superintendents and approximately 6.2% of them are headed by African American superintendents. According to the Texas Education Agency, the breakdown of superintendents in Texas by ethnicity and gender is as follows: White male superintendents-751 or 63.2%, White female superintendents-200 or 16.8%, African American male superintendents-42 or 3.5%, African American female superintendents-32 or 2.7%, Hispanic male superintendents-98 or 8.2%, Hispanic female superintendents-34 or 2.9%, Asian male superintendents-6 or 0.5%, Asian female superintendents-5 or 0.4%, and the 1.2% balance of the Texas superintendents are comprised of the two or more races category. For more than a decade, the average tenure of Texas superintendents was slightly more than five years (Meier, & O Toole, 2002). However, currently, that average has increased to almost nine years and the average age of Texas superintendents is 52 (TEA Special Report, 2015). These superintendent statistics include charter schools, however. If the charter schools are removed from the data report, the number of African American male superintendents serving in traditional public schools is more realistically reported at approximately 2% (Texas Alliance of Black School Educators, 2015). 12

15 Career Paths of Superintendents As stakeholders in the public education arena become increasingly disadvantaged, the demand, too, increases for more progress to be made with fewer resources (Lezotte, 2009). Though the need remains great for successful educational leaders to marshal resources and improve the learning environment for a growing student population, it is still a challenging journey to achieve that first superintendency (Hodgkinson & Montenegro, 1999). According to Kowalski, McCord, Peterson, Young, and Ellerson (2011), the route that the majority of superintendents have taken to achieve this position has been the customary one of classroom instructor, site administrator, and central office administrator. These routine steps to the superintendency were fueled, in a large part, by the mandated governmental credentials. In the past decades, the majority of the state-run education entities outlined the required experience needed to make one eligible for a superintendent position and credential, i.e., classroom instruction and building administration. Kowalski et al. (2010) reported, however, in the recent decade, this prerequisite has been eliminated. Nonetheless, the majority of respondents in this survey did follow the usual path to the superintendency. Yet, many participants indicated that, if given the opportunity, they would pursue a similar pathway to the superintendency (Kowalski et al., 2010). Though career paths may have been similar in previous decades, Kowalski et al. (2011) found that the overwhelming first steps into administration for the United States survey participants were the following: 1. Secondary assistant principal (19.1%); 2. Central office director (14.9%); 3. High school principal (14.1%); 4. Elementary administrator (13.4%); and 5. Middle school administrator (11.9%). However, they also noted that a small percentage (3.5%) of the survey participants had no previous administrative experience. According to Gabaldon (2003), there was little impact of age or race on career paths of Texas superintendents; however, distinctions were noted regarding the number of years of teaching, sex of the administrator, as well as the age at which the position of superintendent was realized. Women superintendents possessed more years of classroom experience prior to being named to the superintendent position, and therefore were, on the average, older when they achieved the superintendency. Additionally, Texas female superintendents of color were more often named as the first superintendent of color in their respective school regions. Challenges of the Superintendency Among the many challenges facing contemporary superintendents, some include the ability to develop workable, productive affiliations with interested partners in education, possessing a skill for verbal intercourse, and the ability to appropriately address and settle disputes (Thomas, 2001). According to Trevino, Braley, Brown, and Slate (2008), in a recent study of public superintendents, the primary obstacle facing the respondents was providing school districts with extremely capable, competent instructors. The availability of financial support was next, followed by concerns regarding sound instruction and the success of the local education program. There were also concerns that related to the overabundance of attention to standardized testing results, governance models, turnover, and the political and legal issues that pervade education (Thomas, 2001; Trevino et al., 2008; Ziebarth, 2002). 13

16 Kowalski et al. (2010) reported that the racial and gender makeup of the superintendency is 94% Caucasian and 76% male. Bjork et al. (2014) found these statistics alarming in a country where 50% of its population are female and at least 25% of the population self-identifies as a minority (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Therefore, according to Jackson and Shakeshaft (2003), the accepted notion of there not being enough African descent candidates in the pipeline for the superintendency is a misnomer. In fact, the evidence in New York confirms there are sufficient numbers in the pipeline, but the pipeline is jammed with a few inflated issues. For example, African American aspirants are not always pursued, and this indifference could be indicative of the lack of prospective candidates. Jackson and Shakeshaft emphasized that race matters in education employment, especially at the top level of the superintendency, as African descent males very rarely made it to the final rounds of the interviews for New York superintendencies. Also, African-descent males were applying for the superintendency in similar or increased numbers of their White counterparts, and both were applying for cross race/ethnicity districts (p. 11). However, none of the African-descent applicants were offered positions in White majority districts; but more than half of the White applicants were offered positions in the minority districts. Yet, none accepted the offer. PURPOSE STATEMENT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS The purpose of the phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of successful African American male superintendents in Texas public schools. For this research, successful is defined as having been in their present and/or past superintendency at least three years, having rated their job satisfaction as moderately to very satisfied, having received favorable annual evaluations, and having obtained local, state, regional, or national recognition for their successful leadership of the school district. The following research questions guided this phenomenological study: 1. What was the career path that led to seeking a superintendent position? 2. What challenges were encountered in achieving the superintendency? 3. What advice can be given to other African American males who aspire to the superintendency? METHODOLOGY The research design of this study was a qualitative phenomenological narrative method. The purpose of the phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of successful African American male superintendents in Texas public schools. Moustakas s (1994) approach to phenomenological research focuses on describing the lived experiences of the participants from a psychological stance. This approach further ensured the objectivity of the descriptive narrative by having the researcher employ bracketing or provide an epoché, to discourage inserting prior experiences within the reporting (Husserl, 1931). The use of the transcendental approach to describing the participants experiences can thus be perceived freshly by the researcher (Creswell, 2013, p. 80; Moustakas, 1994). 14

17 Participants/Setting The participants in this study were purposefully selected and included 10 African American male educational administrators who attained the position of district superintendent in the state of Texas. Specific criteria for participation included the following: Have served successfully as a superintendent in a school district for at least one year. For this research, successful is defined as having been in their present and/or past superintendency at least three years, having rated their job satisfaction as moderately to very satisfied, having received favorable annual evaluations, and having obtained local, state, regional, or national recognition for their successful leadership of the school district. Hold a valid Texas Superintendent Certificate. The district over which the superintendent presides has received a rating no lower than the Met Standard denotation by the Texas Education Agency. DATA COLLECTION The primary data collection strategy was face-to-face interviews. Interviews were recorded by tape recorder, videotaping, and notetaking. A guided protocol was utilized to facilitate the in-depth research questions. The Guided Protocol contained demographic and getting acquainted questions in an effort to better assess the background of the participants while creating an easier, more amenable atmosphere that would enhance the comfort level of the interviewees. Once the climate was more relaxed, the primary questions were based on the research questions and literature review, with prompts added as needed. Each interview lasted approximately an hour. FINDINGS The major findings of this research are presented by research questions. Research Question One explored the career decisions that led to the superintendency by each of the participants. Emergent themes included: caring about and desiring to positively affect children s lives; recognizing the influence of God in their lives; having a mentor; and following the customary path from classroom teacher to the superintendency. Research question two explored the challenges encountered by the participants in attaining and sustaining the superintendency. Emergent themes included: relating to a lack of diversity; working with board members; addressing financial issues; and facing communication concerns. Research question three explored the advice offered to other African American males who aspire to the superintendency. Emergent themes included: preparing for the positions; finding a good mentor; 15

18 expanding networking opportunities; and persevering with the pursuit. CONCLUSIONS This qualitative phenomenological narrative study explored the lived experiences of 10 successful African American male Texas superintendents of public school districts. Based on the data, the overall conclusion that supports the success of the African American male superintendency is primarily founded on relationship building, coupled with personal and professional development. Related conclusions include maintaining a focused outlook on expected outcomes, while remaining receptive to fortuitous circumstances which enhance learning opportunities. These conclusions suggest the multi-faceted nature of the African American male superintendency is supported in the literature regarding the breadth of the superintendent s responsibilities that have evolved over time into five key roles: teacher-scholar, manager, democratic leader, applied social scientist, and, most recently, communicator (Callahan, 1966; Kowalski, 2005). The chief executive education officer of the school district is viewed as a partner, who, with the local school community, administrators, and other viable stakeholders, serves as the guide to a common goal (Kowalski, 2005). Research Question One Research question one explored the career decisions that led to the superintendency by each of the participants. A conclusion regarding career decisions is that these leaders consider their role as a calling of a spiritual nature. The conclusion is supported by the research regarding the spiritual aspect of educational leadership (Dantley, 2011; Houston, 2002; Houston & Sokolow, 2006). Another conclusion seems to be the importance of having multi-level experiences prior to the superintendency. This multi-level experience model is consistent with the literature, for according to Kowalski, McCord, Peterson, Young, and Ellerson (2011), the route that the majority of superintendents have taken to achieve this position has been the customary one of classroom instructor, site administrator, and central office administrator. Furthermore, Gabaldon (2003) reported that there was little impact of age or race on career paths of Texas superintendents; however, distinctions were noted regarding the number of years of teaching, sex of the administrator, as well as the age at which the position of superintendent was realized. Research Question Two Research question two explored the challenges encountered by the participants in attaining and sustaining the superintendency. A conclusion from these challenges is that these leaders have limited models of common ethnic backgrounds. This finding is consistent with the literature as Kowalski et al. (2011) reported that the racial and gender makeup of the superintendency is 94% Caucasian. Furthermore, in the most recent AASA survey, African American males comprised less than 1% of the 1347 male respondents (Finnan, McCord, Stream, Petersen, & Ellerson, 2015). Another conclusion from the challenges encountered is the importance placed on diverse training needs. This is also consistent with the literature as there is reported an overwhelming need for adequate, consistent financial budgets, as well as leaders who are astute in school finance (Lamkin, 2006; Trevino, Braley, Brown, & Slate, 2008). Additionally, school boards 16

19 often foster questionable bonds that present a challenge to superintendent leadership (Kowalski, 1995; McCurdy, 1992; Zeigler, Jennings, & Peak, 1974). Research Question Three Research question three explored the advice offered to other African American males who aspire to the superintendency. A conclusion from these district leaders is the importance of strategically planning for the superintendency. The research supports this rationale as Tripses, Hunt, and Watkins (2013) noted the challenging position of the superintendency. Issues mentioned in their work, included the value of mentoring, attending to one s own health and well-being, timeliness, the ability to bounce back after challenges, and a strong, comprehensive preparation program in various disciplines. Moreover, some of the more paramount issues encompassed robust training in school finance, legal issues, negotiations with unions and other stakeholder groups, academic administration and leadership, principled morals, public relations, and communication skills. IMPLICATIONS This research study explored the lived experiences of successful African American male Texas superintendents with the goal of giving voice to those in the phenomenon of the African American male superintendency. Findings from this study indicate that the career decisions and challenges within the ranks of the superintendency are somewhat similar for African American males, yet there are clearly areas that require more and varied approaches. Suggestions for these varied areas follow. encourage leadership mentoring programs specifically for African American male educators (Brown, 2005; Onwuegbuzie, 1998; Tripses et al., 2013); provide networking opportunities for African American male educators provide opportunities for improving understanding of depth and breadth of school and distict finance issues (Lamkin, 2006; Trevino et al., 2008; Tripses et al., 2013); and encourage development of communication strategies for diverse settings and audiences (Callahan, 1996; Kowalski, 2005; Little, 2009; Osterman, 1994). CONCLUDING REMARKS This phenomenological narrative research study provided an understanding of the lived experiences of the successful African American male Texas superintendent. Each of the superintendent participants had been in their current position at least one year. Each participant has spent about 20 years in the field of education, during which time they have honed their skills and made vast contributions to their profession. The participating superintendents gave of their time freely and without reservation, to offer their insights and experiences in the hope of expanding the opportunities for future African American candidates to the superintendency. 17

20 REFERENCES Balkin, J. M. (2002). Would African Americans have been better off Without Brown v. Board of Education?. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, (35), 102. Bateman, E. A. (1940). Development of the county-unit school district in utah: A study in adaptability (Order No ). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. ( ). Retrieved from ew/ ?accountid=7043 Bell, D. (2004). Silent covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the unfulfilled hopes for racial reform. Oxford University Press. Berlin, I., & Philip, D. (1993). Morgan, eds. Cultivation and culture: Labor and the shaping of slave life in the Americas, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. Bjork, L.G., Kowalski, T.J., & Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2014). The school district superintendent in the United States of America. Educational Leadership Faculty Publications, Paper 13. Retrieved from Brown, F. (2005). African Americans and school leadership: An introduction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(4), doi: / X Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. U.S., Supreme Court. 347; 483 (1954) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. U.S., Supreme Court. 349; 294 (1955) Brunner, C. C., & Bjork, L. G. (2001). The new superintendency (Vol. 6). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Campbell, R. R. (1980). A comparison of the impacts of population change on public education and health services in the non-metropolitan counties of the Ozarks. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED190332) Campbell, R. F., Cunningham, L. L., Nystrand, R. O., & Usdan, M. D. (1980). The organization and control of American education. Columbus, OH: Merill. Collier-Thomas, B. (1982). Guest Editorial: The impact of black women in education: An historical overview. The Journal of Negro Education, 1(53), Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. Dantley, M. (2011). Transformative instructional leadership: A critical and spiritual engagement. Counterpoints, 409, Dantley, M.E., & Tillman, L.C. (2006). Social justice and moral transformative leadership. In C. Marshall & M. Oliva (Eds.), Leadership for social justice: Making revolutions in education (pp ). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Epps, E. (2002). Race and school desegregation: Contemporary legal and educational issues. Urban Education Journal, 1(1), Finnan, L., McCord, R. S., Stream, C. C., Petersen, G. J., & Ellerson, N. M. (2015) superintendents salary & benefits study. Retrieved from The School Superintendent s Association Foster, L. (2005). The practice of educational leadership in African American communities of learning: Context, scope, and meaning. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41(4), Franklin, J. H. (1990). Race and history: Selected essays, Reviews in American History,18(4),

21 Fultz, M., & Brown, A. (2008). Historical perspectives on African American males as subjects of education policy. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(7), Gabaldon, E. L., (2003). Career paths and perceived barriers to the superintendency in the state of Texas: Significant factors and critical characteristics in superintendent selection. Order No The University of Texas at El Paso, Ann Arbor: ProQuest. Web. 11 May Glass, T. E., Björk, L. G., & Brunner, C. C. (2000). The study of the American school superintendency, 2000: A look at the superintendent of education in the new millennium. Retrieved from ERIC database. ( Green, P. (2004). The paradox of the promised unfulfilled: Brown v. board of education and the continued pursuit of excellence in education. Journal of Negro Education, 73(3), Retrieved from Grieder, C., Pierce, T. M., & Jordan, K. F. (1969). Public school administration (3d ed.). New York: Ronald Press Co. Hodgkinson, H. L., & Montenegro, X. (1999). The US School Superintendent: The Invisible CEO. Institute for Educational Leadership, Inc., 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 310, Washington, DC Horsford, S. (2010). Black superintendents on educating Black students in separate and unequal contexts. Urban Review, 42(1), Houston, P. D. (2002). Why spirituality, and why now?. School Administrator, 59(8), 6-8. Houston, P. D., & Sokolow, S. L. (2006). The spiritual dimension of leadership: 8 key principles to leading more effectively. Corwin Press. Husserl, E. (1931). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology, trans. Gilson W. R. B, New York: Humanities Press, Original work published Jackson, J., & Shakeshaft, C. (2003). The pool of African American candidates for the superintendency. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED479479) Kamler, E. (2009). Decade of Difference ( ) An examination of the superintendent search consultants' process on Long Island. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45(1), Kowalski, T. J. (1995). Keepers of the flame: Contemporary urban superintendents. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Kowalski, T. J. (2005). Evolution of the school district superintendent position. In The contemporary superintendent: Preparation, practice, and development, Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Kowalski, T. J., McCord, R. S., Peterson, G. J., Young, P. I., & Ellerson, N. M. (2010). The American school superintendent: 2010 decennial study. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. Kowalski, T. J., McCord, R. S., Peterson, G. J., Young, P. I., & Ellerson, N. M. (2011). The American school superintendent: 2010 decennial study. Lanham, MD: R&L Education. Lamkin, M. L. (2006). Challenges and changes faced by rural superintendents. Rural Educator, 28(1), Lerner, G. (1972). Black women in white America. New York: Random House. Lezotte, L. W. (2009). Effective schools: Past, present, and future. Retrieved from 19

22 Little, T. (2009). Building community: Three key elements and four steps to implement. In S. Harris, Learning from the best: Lessons from award-winning superintendents. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Lyons, J.E., & Chesley, J. (2004). Fifty years after Brown: The benefits and tradeoffs for African American educators and students. The Journal of Negro Education, 73(3), Retrieved from McCray, C. R., Wright, J. V., & Beachum, F. D. (2007). Beyond Brown: Examining the perplexing plight of African American principals. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 34(4), 247. McCurdy, J. (1992). Building better school boards. Administrator Relations, Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED354609) Meier, K. J., & O'Toole, L. J. (2002). Public management and organizational performance: The effect of managerial quality. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21(4), Moody, C.D., Sr. (1971). Black superintendents in public school districts: Trends and conditions (Order No ). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. ( ). Retrieved from Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage Publications. Norton, M. S., Webb, L. D., Dlugosh, L. L., & Sybouts, W. (1996). The school superintendency: New responsibilities, new leadership. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon Publishing. Ogletree, C. J. (2004). All deliberate speed: Reflections on the first half century of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: Norton. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (1998). The underachievement of African American teachers in research methodology courses: Implications for the supply of African American school administrators. Journal of Negro Education, 67(1), Osterman, K. F. (1989). Case records: A means to enhance knowledge base in educational administration? Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED320212) Perkins, L. M. (1983). The impact of the Cult of True Womanhood on the education of Black women. Journal of Social Issues, 39(3), Rury, J. L. (1985). Philanthropy, self help, and social control: The New York Manumission Society and Free Blacks, Phylon (1960-), 46(3), Shakeshaft, C. (1989). Women in educational administration. Newbury Park, CA:Sage Publications. Texas Education Agency. (2014). Snapshot Retrieved from Thomas, J. Y. (2001). The public school superintendency in the twenty-first century: The quest to define effective leadership. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED460219) Tillman, L. C. (2003). From rhetoric to reality? Educational administration and the lack of racial and ethnic diversity within the profession. University Council for Educational Review, 14(3), 1-4. Trevino Jr, D., Braley, R. T., Brown, M. S., & Slate, J. R. (2008). Challenges of the public school superintendency: Differences by tenure and district location. Florida Journal of Educational Administration & Policy, 1(2),

23 Tripses, J., Hunt, J. W., & Watkins, S. G. (2013). Voices of superintendents: Give us relevant and challenging preparation for a tough job. AASA Journal of Scholarship & Practice, 10(3), U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Overview of race and Hispanic origin. Retrieved from Walker, V. S., & Archung, K. N. (2003). The segregated schooling of Blacks in the southern United States and South Africa. Comparative Education Review, 47(1), Whitaker, K. (2001). Where are the principal candidates? Perceptions of superintendents. National Association of Secondary School Principals, 85(625), Ziebarth, T. (2002). State Takeovers and Reconstitutions. Policy Brief. Zeigler, H., Jennings, M. K., & Peak, G. W. (1974). The decision-making culture of American public education. Political Science Annual, 5. 21

24 THE MISEDUCATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: FOSTERING RESILIENCY TO PROMOTE ACADEMIC SUCCESS Angela M. Powell, MA, LPC-S, CSC Sam Houston State University Doctoral Student Huntsville, TX ABSTRACT African American boys are the focal point of many startling statistics. They lead the youth population in the number of out of school suspensions, office referrals, high school drop-outs, and overrepresentation in special education programs. This article will highlight the disparity among African American male students in the educational arena and bring awareness to the important aspects of helping them to develop resiliency to succeed. Implications for school counselors will be discussed. INTRODUCTION The education and plight of African American males is being discussed more than ever among policy makers and educators in the United States, yet they are more likely to be the population that is most debilitated (Opportunity Agenda, 2011). There are many adverse components that inhibit the academic success and progression of students, particularly African American males. They are three times more likely to receive out of school suspension and make up 20% of the country s special education population. African American male students continue to be on the front line of defense and continue to receive unfair treatment in the educational arena (Rocque, 2010). Maya Angelou as cited by Azzam (2013) proclaimed the following: If children are given the chance to believe they're worth something-- if they truly believe that-- they will insist upon it. That is in Rome, Italy, or Rome, Arkansas; in Paris, France, or Paris, Texas. Children don't have to be born with a silver spoon in their mouths, but if they can be convinced they're the best, they become resilient. They themselves will resist any attempts to belittle them. But it's also a bouncing forward, going beyond what the naysayers said, saying, 'No, it's not true that I'm nobody. I know that not only is that not true, but I'm more than you can imagine! (p. 1) From Their Perspectives After witnessing the phenomenon of our nation having its first African American president, many African American male students are still unable to envision success for themselves (NEA, 2011). They need African American male mentors to assist them in visualizing what a successful African American male looks like. In 2008, only 11% of

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