Page Cost...o , o, *.,*, Issue O-9: Capital Cost Issue O-lo: Operational Cost...

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1 CONTENTS PREFACE vii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES o. o..xii CHAPTER 1: FINDINGS Definitions Introduction Policy and Institutional Factors The Planning, Development, and Testing Process Operational Experience Assessment of ATC Technology CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND Rail Rapid Transit Objectives t.t Scope Study Method Organization. o CHAPTER 3: AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL Train Control System Functions Automation Automatic Train Control Technology A Walk Through a Transit System Levels of Automation CHAPTER 4: TRANSIT SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) ~ 45 Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) Port Authority Transit Corporation (PATCO) Systems Under Development s CHAPTER 5: OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE Introduction Safety Issue O-1: Train Protection Issue O-2: Train Operation Issue O-3: Design Safety * Issue O-4: Passenger Security Performance $ Issue O-5: Ride Quality Issue O-6: Level of Service Issue o-7: Reliability Issue O-8: Maintainability ix

2 Cost o , o, *.,*, Issue O-9: Capital Cost Issue O-lo: Operational Cost Issue O-11: Workforce Reduction Issue O-12: Workforce Distribution, Issue O-13: Energy Cost Human Factors.....,,.,,,...,,.,,,,,,,...,,,,. 121 Issue O-14: The Human Role Issue O-15: Effects of Automation on Employees and Passengers, ,.., CHAPTER 6: THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Introduction ,.,...,.,.O,O,..,,O.,,,,O,,,,,,, 135 Issues Issue D-1: Design Concepts Issue D-2: System Development Issue D-3: Procurement Specifications Issue D-4: Specification of Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability., Issue D-5: Equipment Suppliers Issue D-6: Contractor Selection Issue D-7: Contract Management., Issue D-8: Testing,...,,.,.,,.,., Issue D-9: R&D Programs Issue D-lo: Test Tracks..,,,,.,.,., Issue D-11: Research Needs.,,,.,,,...,,..,, CHAPTER 7: POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS ,,. 157 Introduction....,,,...,...,,0..,,...,.,,,,,,,,, 161 Summary of Existing Legislation Issues Issue P-l: Impact of Existing Legislation Issue P-2: Regulation..,.,,.,,..,, Issue P-3: Acceptance Testing and Qalification Issue P-4: Standardization,,,..,..,.,...,,... OO.,,O,,., Issue P-5: Safety Assurance..., Issue P-6: Public Expectations APPENDICES A. Train Control System Functions.,...,,...,...$...,,..,,. 177 B. Automatic Train Control Technology C. Design Characteristics of Selected Rapid Rail Transit Systems 199 D. Glossary of Train Control Terms.,.,,.,,.,.,,..,,,..,,,.,, 207 E. Chronology of Train Control Development,.,,,.., F. Persons and Organizations Visited..,..,,...,,..., G. Biographies of Urban Mass Transit Advisory Panel,,...,..., 231 H. References....,..,,,..,,..,,...,.,,,.,,...,,.,,,., 235 I Congressional Letters of Request.,,..,,,.,...,,.,,,..,,., 237 x

3 TABLE 1. TABLE 2. TABLE 3. TABLE 40 TABLE 5. TABLE 6. TABLE 7. TABLE 8. TABLE 9. TABLE 10. TABLE 11. TABLE 12. TABLE 13. TABLE 14. TABLE 15. TABLE 16. TABLE 17. TABLE 18. TABLE 19. TABLE 20. TABLE 21. TABLE 22. TABLE 23, TABLE 24. TABLE 25. TABLE 26. TABLE 27. TABLE 28. TABLE 29, TABLE 30. TABLE 31. TABLES Levels of Automation BART System Facts , CTA System Facts MBTA System Facts , NYCTA System Facts PATCO System Facts Automated Feature of Three Transit Systems Under Development , Train Protection Methods in Existing and Planned Transit Systems...,., Analysis of CTA Accident Record, ,...,, Passenger Injuries Due to Train Operation.,,,...,, 81 Passenger Accident Summary Fatalities in the United States by Transportation Mode During , , 83 Passenger Assaults and Robberies for Selected Transit Systems ,..., Train Operation Methods Related to Ride Quality.,..92 Service Characteristics in Typical Transit Systems...94 Schedule Adherence in PATCO, Schedule Adherence on CTA Dan Ryan Line, Schedule Adherence in BART, August 1973-August , , 00,..0,,. * 0..,...,,, PATCO Car Component Performance, July-October ,....0, ,. * Summary of Disabling Equipment Failures in PATCO, August 1973-July Summary of Equipment Failure in BART, Car Component Performance on CTA West-South Route, July-October ,, Maintenance Time for Selected PATCO Car Components., Capital Costs in New Transit Systems Cost Estimates for ATC Equipment Summary of Rail Rapid Transit Operating Costs Effect of Automation on Size of Workforce Analysis of Operations and Maintenance Workforce..118 Rail Rapid Transit Energy Consumption Man and Machine Roles in Rail Rapid Transit Systems Significant Dates in the Engineering Planning, Procurement, and Testing of ATC for Various Transit Systems xi

4 TABLE 32. Type of Specification Used in Recent ATC Procurements ,...., ,,., TABLE 33. Contractor Selection Approaches TABLE 34. UMTA Budget for Fiscal Year 1976,,,.,.., TABLE A 1. Primary Means of Communicating Information Related to Train Control., FIGURES FIGURE 1. FIGURE 2. FIGURE 3. FIGURE 4. FIGURE 5. FIGURE 6. FIGURE 7. FIGURE 8. FIGURE 9. FIGURE 10. FIGURE 11. FIGURE 12. FIGURE 13. FIGURE 14. FIGURE 15. FIGURE 16. FIGURE 170 FIGURE 18. FIGURE 19. FIGURE 20. FIGURE 21. FIGURE 22. FIGURE 23. FIGURE 24. FIGURE 25. FIGURE 26. FIGURE 27. FIGURE 28. Train Control System Functions,...,.,, Generalized Control Process Simple D.C. Track Circuit ,.,.,,,......,,.22 Three-block, Three-Aspect Wayside Signal System,. 24 Cab Signals.....,......,,.,, , Three-block, Three-Aspect Cab Signal System....,. 26 Cab Signal System With Automatic Overspeed Protection , ,......, Automatic Train Operation System ,..., Typical Interlocking Location....,., Entrance-Exit Interlocking Control Panel.,.,.....,. 31 Model Board and Train Control Console General View of Rail Rapid Transit Station Trip Stop Track Circuit Wiring Wayside Equipment Case ,...., 34 Track Apparatus at an Interlocking Central Train Control Facility Two Views of a Central Control Facility With Electromechanical Equipment...., ,, Tower for Local Control of Interlocking Carborne Receiver Coil for Coded Track Circuit Signals , Train Operator s Console for System With ATO Aerial View of Rail Rapid Transit Yard and Maintenance Facility., , Rail Rapid Transit Car Maintenance Shop.., BART Route Map BART Train in Underground Station..., Interior of BART Car BART Train Passing Through the Transbay Tube...49 CTA Route Map xii

5 FIGURE 29. FIGURE 30. FIGURE 31. FIGURE 32. FIGURE 33. FIGURE 34. FIGURE 35. FIGURE 36. FIGURE 37. FIGURE 38. FIGURE 39. FIGURE 40. FIGURE 41. FIGURE 42. FIGURE 43. FIGURE 44. FIGURE 45, FIGURE 46. FIGURE 47. FIGURE 48. FIGURE 49. FIGURE 50. FIGURE 51. FIGURE 52. FIGURE 53. FIGURE 54. FIGURE 55. FIGURE 56. FIGURE 57. FIGURE 58. FIGURE 59. FIGURE 60. FIGURE 61. FIGURE 62. FIGURE 63. FIGURE 64. FIGURE 65. FIGURE 66. FIGURE 67. FIGURE 68. FIGURE 69. CTA Train on the West-Northwest Route in the Median of the Kennedy Expressway Interior View of CTA Train...., ,..., Lake-Dan Ryan Train Entering the Loop MBTA Route Map...., MBTA Orange Line Train ,,..., Red Line Train Arriving at Wollaston Station The Old and the New , NYCTA Route Map IND F Train on Elevated Line in Brooklyn, Examples of NYCTA Transit Cars, ,.,.,,...63 The Graffiti Epidemic PATCO Route Map PATCO Train in Lindenwold Yard, Outbound on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge PATCO Train Operator Monitoring ATC Equipment 68 WMATA Route Map ,., MARTA Route Map Baltimore MTA Route Map..,.,, Interlocking Control Tower for Train Protection CTA Passengers Alighting at Belmont Station History of Train Motion Accidents Unmanned Train at Seattle-Tacoma Airport Fully Automated AIRTRANS Train Approach to Brightly Lighted Station Lonely Station at Off-Peak Hour.,., Comfort Features of Modern Transit Cars The Wait and the Rush To Leave AIRTRANS Availability and Service Interruptions..97 Carbone and Wayside ATC Equipment Maintenance of Transit Vehicle Truck Cab Signal Maintenance Car Washer Influence of Maintenance on Car Availability in BART, May 1974-January Transit System Construction Winter on the Skokie Swift Line Reduction of Train Crew Proportion of Operations and Maintenance Employees in Total Workforce Distribution of Maintenance Force as a Function of Automation State-of-the-Art Car ,.121 Student Conductors Training on the Job Motorman at Work ,.. Xlll

6 FIGURE 70. FIGURE 71. FIGURE 72. FIGURE 73. FIGURE A 1. FIGURE A 2. FIGURE A 3. FIGURE B 1. FIGURE B 2. FIGURE B 3. FIGURE B 4. Line Supervisors Transit System Maintenance Workers DOT Test Track, Pueblo, Colo ATC Research and Development Priorities and Relative Cost Conceptual Diagram of an ATP System, Train Separation in a Conventional Block Signaling System..., Conceptual Diagram of Service Brake Flare-Out Control Simple D.C. Track Circuit Simple Power-Frequency A.C. Track Circuit Simple High-Frequency A.C. Track Circuit Alternate High-Frequency A.C. Track Circuit xiv