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2 Table of Contents Background... 3 Research Project... 4 Results... 5 Readable English Results... 5 Standard English Results... 7 References Readable English. All rights reserved. The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 2.

3 Background English is a difficult language to learn to read because it is not phonetic. The English spelling system is erratic, and there are many complex rules and exceptions. Most letters make more than one sound, some characters are silent, and it is often hard to know where syllable breaks occur. It takes native English speaking children significantly longer to learn to read than children in at least 14 other countries [1]. As a result, in many English-speaking countries, literacy rates are alarmingly low. In 2006, the Australian Bureau of Statistics [2] estimated that 46% of Australians are functionally illiterate and lack the literacy skills needed to work in the emerging knowledge based economy. Contrast this to countries with phonetic languages, such as Italy. In Italian, each character has only one sound so words are easy to sound out, and there are no additional rules to learn. Italian children can learn to read Italian in only 3-6 months [3], and learning to read poses many fewer difficulties, even for dyslexics. Readable English is a new approach to learning and teaching people to read in English. Without changing the spelling of words, the simple system makes English fully phonetic by greying out silent characters, adding syllable breaks to words, and adding intuitive visual cues, called glyphs, that indicate exactly what sound each letter makes. Like Italian, in Readable English there is only one sound per character with no additional complicated rules or exceptions to memorise. Students can easily sound out any word, enabling them to focus on improving comprehension and vocabulary. The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 3.

4 Readable English is unique as it is the only system that makes written English phonetic without changing the spelling of words. Keeping the spelling intact is important for developing sight-word recognition (the ability to recognise words by sight). Because Readable English maintains the standard spelling of words, users are able to start developing sight-word recognition right away which is fundamental for achieving reading fluency. See for more information. Research Project We recently completed a research project investigating the effectiveness of Readable English for teaching reading and improving reading skills. The project involved 60 participants from three Year 2 classes, and was conducted with the approval of the NSW Department of Education. One class of 23 students was randomly selected to act as a control group and the other two classes consisting of 37 students made up the Readable English test group. As a part of the research project, students in the test group participated in two half-hour classes per week for twelve weeks (a total of twelve hours class time), and could access Readable English online at home. Students in the control group participated in their regular reading classes while the Readable English classes were being taught. Students were pre- and post-tested before and after the program using a standardised reading assessment, the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (Neale). The Neale assesses students reading ability in three aspects of reading; accuracy, comprehension and rate. Raw scores from the assessment are converted into a reading age for each aspect for each participant. Additional passages from a standardised reading fluency test, the Gray Oral Reading Test (GORT), were also used as reading stimuli. Scores from the GORT passages were converted into an error rate, as well as an accuracy reading rate (a measure of reading fluency that takes into account both speed and accuracy) measuring the number of words read correctly per minute. Students from the control group who did not learn Readable English read both their pre- and post-tests in Standard English text. Participants from the Readable English test group were assessed in the pre-test reading Standard English text, and read stimuli in both Standard and Readable English text in the post-test. This was done so that improvements reading both Standard English and Readable English text could be examined. In the post-test, passages from the Neale were read in The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 4.

5 Readable English text, and the additional GORT passages were read in Standard English text. Results Seven participants were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data (these participants had left the school or were absent from school during the post-tesing). Independent sample t-tests were conducted to determine if there were any significant differences between the control group and the test group before the program began. There were no significant differences in reading ages between the two groups in accuracy reading age (t(51) = -.996, p >.05), comprehension reading age (t(51) = -.737, p >.05) or rate reading age (t(51) = -.003, p >.05). Readable English Results (Test conducted using the Neale) An improvement in reading age for each factor of reading (accuracy, comprehension and rate) was calculated for each participant by subtracting the pretest reading age from the post-test reading age. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was then conducted for each of the factors to determine any differences between the test group and the control group. 1. Accuracy. There was an average improvement in reading age for accuracy in the control group of 5.3 months (M =.44, SD =.45)*. This was significantly less than the improvement in reading age for the Readable English group where the average improvement was 10.7 months (M =.89, SD =.77) for accuracy (F(1,51) = 5.59, p =.02). (*Means and Standard Deviations are shown in years. An improvement of 0.44 years is equal to 5.3 months.) The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 5.

6 Reading Age Improvement (in months) Reading Age Improvement (in months) Accuracy Readable English group Control group 2. Comprehension. For the control group, there was an average improvement in reading age for comprehension of 4.5 months (M =.38, SD =.60). This was significantly less than the improvement in reading age for the test group where the average improvement in reading age was 9.8 months (M =.81, SD =.72) for comprehension (F(1,51) = 5.26, p =.03). 12 Comprehension Readable English group Control group 3. Rate. There was no significant difference between the test group and the control group in improvement in reading age for rate (F(1,51) = 3.07, p =.086). This suggests that the time taken to sound out words did not significantly slow down the reading rates of students. The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 6.

7 Number of words read correctly (per minute) Standard English Results (Test conducted using passages from the GORT) Independent sample t-tests were conducted on the GORT pre-test reading scores to determine if there were any significant differences between the control group and the test group before the program began. There were no significant differences between the two groups in neither error rate (total number of errors made) (t(50) = p >.05) nor accuracy reading rate (number of words read correctly per minute) (t(50) = 0.276, p >.05). Differences in error rate and accuracy reading rate from before the program compared to after the program were calculated for each participant by subtracting the pre-test scores from the post-test scores. A one-way ANOVA was conducted on the error rate and accuracy reading rate data to determine if there were any differences in improvement between the Readable English test group and the control group. 1. Students from the Readable English test group read on average 24.6 more words correctly per minute in the post-test than the pre-test (M = 24.64, SD = 16.69). This was significantly more than students from the control group who read on average 10.9 more words correctly per minute in the post-test than the pre-test (M = 10.88, SD = 20.46) (F(1,51) = 7.022, p =.01). Accuracy Reading Rate (in Standard English) Readable English group Control group Pre-test Post-test 2. There was no significant difference in error rates between the two groups. Error rates were low for participants in both groups, and this may account for the reason no difference was found. The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 7.

8 3. No students performed significantly worse in the post-test, or were negatively impacted after participating in the Readable English program. References [1] Seymour, P. (2001). How do children learn to read? Is English more difficult than other languages? British Festival of Science. Retrieved 16 July 2014 from [2] Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Adult literacy and life skills survey. Retrieved 24 July 2009 from ABS: ures22006%20(reissue)?opendocument&tabname=summary&prodno=4228.0&issu e=2006%20(reissue)&num=&view= [3] Dehaene, S. (2009). Reading in the brain: The new science of how we read. New York, NY: Penguin Books. The New, Easier Way to Learn to Read English readablenglish.com 8.

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