Language & Mind LING 240. Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds

Transcription

1 Language & Mind LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds

2 Development of Speech Sounds What newborn babies know Important changes around 6-10 months old Learning sounds & learning words (16-20 months) Phonological awareness and literacy (~5 years+)

3 Sound Production

4 How you look to a phonetician Palate Velum Tongue Lips, teeth etc. Glottis (vocal folds)

5 How you look to a phonetician Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity

6 Ü s z c j ò

7 We want to understand... What mechanisms are used to produce speech sounds - what must children master? What are some differences between the sounds of English and other languages?

8 A Puzzle... Korean speakers use the sounds [r] and [l] e.g. Korea Seoul Korean babies hear the difference between [ra] and [la] they don t know Korean yet Korean adults know Korean but they have difficulty hearing the [ra] vs. [la] contrast

9 Learning to spell sky --> SGIE unlikely cup --> GUP Another Puzzle

10 Forget Spelling! Sounds Spelling

11 One Sound - Many Characters he e seas ea believe ie amoeba oe Caesar ae key ey see ee machine i people eo seize ei IPA: [i]

12 One Sound - Many Characters too oo threw ew to o lieu ieu clue ue shoe oe through ough IPA: [u]

13 One Character - Many Sounds dame e dad æ father a call village \, à many

14 fl One Sound - Multiple Letters shoot either character deal Thomas physics rough k i t f f

15 One Letter - 0, 1, 2 Sounds mnemonic psychology resign ghost island whole debt cute [kjut]

16 Differences across Languages English: judge, juvenile, Jesus Spanish: jugar, Jesus German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus French: Jean, j accuse, jambon

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18 Major division: consonants vs vowels Consonantal sounds: narrow or complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract. Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form the basis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).

19 Describing Speech Sounds Is the air-flow blocked? vowel vs. consonant What are the vocal folds doing? voiced vs. voiceless Where/how is the air flowing? nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. Where is the air-flow blocked? labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.

20 Voiced & voiceless consonants Consonants either voiced or voiceless. English pairs: b/p v/f d/t z/s ñ /Ü

21 Where does the Air Flow?

22 Your vocal tract again

23 Block it at the velum Where does the air go?

24 ò Block it at the velum Where does the air go?

25 Tongue against velum again

26 Now raise the velum to block the air...

27 Now raise the velum to block the air...

28 Quickly drop your tongue again...

29 Quickly drop your tongue again...

30 Where does the air go this time?

31 Where does the air go this time?

32 g Where does the air go this time? k

33 So so far we have: Nasal stops: [m] [n] [ò] Non-nasal (oral) stops: [b] [p] [d] [t] [g] [k]

34 Where can you stop the Where can you stop the airstream?

35 (bi)labial [b] [p] [m] Where can you stop the airstream?

36 labiodental [v] [f] Where can you stop the airstream?

37 interdental [ ] [Ü] Where can you stop the airstream?

38 alveolar [d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] Where can you stop the airstream?

39 palatal [z ] [s ] [j ] [c ] Where can you stop the airstream?

40 velar [g] [k] [ò] Where can you stop the airstream?

41 uvular Where can you stop the airstream?

42 Where can you stop the Where can you stop the airstream?

43 Features Ways of describing sounds e.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stop Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind Atoms of Speech Roman Jakobson,

44 Manner Stops [p] [k] [t] [d] [k] [g]... Fricatives [f] [v] [Ü] [ ] [s] [z] Approximants/Glides [w] [j] Liquids [r] [l]

45 Voiced & voiceless consonants Consonants either voiced or voiceless. English pairs (voiced-left; voiceless-right): b/p v/f d/t z/s ñ /Ü etc.

46 Fricatives & Affricates Palatal sounds [z ] [s ] [j ] [c ] Palatal Fricatives - [z ] [s ] [note: according to IPA chart these are strictly postalveolar ] Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [j ] [c ], as in judge, church

47 Describing Consonants What are the vocal folds doing? voiced vs. voiceless Where/how is the air flowing? nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc. Where is the air-flow blocked? labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.

48 Features Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech sounds Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world Different languages choose different feature combinations

49 oral stop nasal stop fricative p b bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar t d m n f v affricate c j liquid s z l r palatal velar glottal glide j w s z k g ( ) (h)

50 oral stop nasal stop fricative p b bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar t d m n n~ ƒ f v affricate c j liquid l r Ò Fuji s z palatal velar glottal glide Cuba j w s z?? k g x? ( ) (h)

51 oral stop nasal stop fricative p b bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar t d m n n~ ƒ f v s z año affricate c j liquid l r Ò palatal velar glottal glide j w s z? k g x? ( ) (h)

52 oral stop nasal stop fricative bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar p t k b Bach d g m n n~ ƒ f v agua affricate c j s z palatal velar glottal liquid l r Ò? glide j w s z x ( ) (h)

53 oral stop nasal stop fricative p b bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar t d m n n~ ƒ f v affricate c j liquid l r Ò s z palatal velar glottal glide j caballo w s z k g x ( ) (h)

54 oral stop nasal stop fricative p b bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar t d m n n~ ƒ f v affricate c j liquid l r Ò s z palatal velar glottal glide j w s z k g x ( ) (h)

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56 What can you do to alter the shape of your vocal tract?

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58 [i]

59 [Ê]

60 [i]

61 [u]

62 So. You can... Raise or lower your tongue Advance or retract your tongue Round or spread your lips Tense or not tense your mouth

63 So what vowels do you have? i sheep, sleep à ship, slip

64 So what vowels do you have? i à e laid, spade, trade led, sped, tread

65 So what vowels do you have? i à e Ê bat, lad

66 So what vowels do you have? i à Luke, who d, suit look, hood, soot u e Ê

67 So what vowels do you have? i à u e coat, wrote, hoed o caught, wrought, hawed Ê

68 So what vowels do you have? i à u e o Ê bah, father, cot, Don a

69 So what vowels do you have? i à u e but, putt, rut o Ê a

70 So what vowels do you have? i à e metallic, Texas \ o u Ê a

71 So here they are i à u e \ o Ê a

72 Some dialectal differences caught/cot [Mid back lax vowel and mid back tense vowel]: many American speakers do not have both of these. pot/father: some British and (fewer) American dialects have different vowels in these words ( pot has a low back rounded vowel [ ]).

73 Diphthongs: a

74 Diphthongs: side, my, kind aj

75 Diphthongs: a

76 Diphthongs: loud, brow, hour aw

77 Diphthongs:

78 Diphthongs: boy, annoy, toil j

79 Speech Production - Summary Airflow set in vibration by vocal folds Airflow modified by vocal tract Vowels:shaping of oral cavity Consonants: narrowing or blocking of oral/nasal cavity Different languages choose different selections of articulatory gestures

80 Speech Perception Speech production processes must be undone by the ear Motions of articulators must be reconstructed from patterns of air vibration Requires extremely precise hearing, possibly a system specialized for hearing speech Substantially developed at birth