Trad 101: Languages and Cultures of East Asia. Phonology (cont.)

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1 Trad 101: Languages and Cultures of East Asia Phonology (cont.)

2 Phonemes and Allophones What is a phoneme? What is an allophone? A phoneme is a minimal unit of sound that serves to distinguish meaning between words. An allophone is a different phonetic realization of a phoneme

3 Phonemes and Allophones Review: Here we have the phoneme /t/ and its allophones [t h ], [t], [ɾ], and [ʔ]

4 Let's do a phonology problem What do we need to know in order to determine if we have phonemes or allophones? Look at the distribution of the sounds. Do they occur in contrastive or complementary distribution? Contrastive = they occur in the same environment; a minimal pair can be found Complementary = they do not occur in the same environments; one (or more) only occurs in predictable environments (Superman & Clark Kent)

5 Let's do a phonology problem What do we need to know in order to determine if we have phonemes or allophones? Look at the distribution of the sounds. Do they occur in contrastive or complementary distribution? Contrastive = they occur in the same environment; a minimal pair can be found PHONEMES Complementary = they do not occur in the same environments; one (or more) only occurs in predictable environments ALLOPHONES

6 Let's do another phonology problem When looking at problems, follow these steps: Step 1: State their distribution Step 2: Decide if they are phonemes or allophones. If they are phonemes, you can stop here. If they are allophones, go to step 3. Step 3: Make generalizations about the environments where the sounds occur. Step 4: Designate one as the phoneme. Step 5: Rewrite the data phonemically.

7 Let's do another phonology problem Here are some data from Spanish. Here you should consider the sounds [d] and [ð]:

8 Let's do another phonology problem Step 1: What is the distribution of [d] and [ð]?

9 Let's do another phonology problem Step 1: What is the distribution of [d] and [ð]? [d] #_r #_o #_i n_a l_o #_u l_a [ð] a_a a_o o_i i_a

10 Let's do another phonology problem Step 2: Decide if [d] and [ð] are separate phonemes or allophones of the same phonemes. Are they in contrastive or complimentary distribution? [d] #_r #_o #_i n_a l_o #_u l_a [ð] a_a a_o o_i i_a

11 Let's do another phonology problem Step 3: Make generalizations about the environments where the sounds occur. [d] #_r #_o #_i n_a l_o #_u l_a [ð] a_a a_o o_i i_a

12 Let's do another phonology problem Step 3: Make generalizations about the environments where the sounds occur. [d] #_r #_o #_i n_a l_o #_u l_a elsewhere [ð] a_a a_o o_i i_a in between vowels

13 Let's do another phonology problem Step 4: Designate one as the phoneme. [d] #_r #_o #_i n_a l_o #_u l_a elsewhere [ð] a_a a_o o_i i_a in between vowels

14 Let's do another phonology problem Step 4: Designate one as the phoneme. /d/ [ð] in between vowels [d] elsewhere

15 Let's do another phonology problem Step 5: Rewrite the data phonemically.

16 Let's do another phonology problem Step 5: Rewrite the data phonemically. 1) /drama/ 4) /kada/

17 Phonological Rules Phonological rules

18 Phonological Rules Phonological rules Sound changes that occur in languages

19 Phonological Rules Assimilation: a sound takes on the features of a neighboring sound (or neighboring sounds) The high vowels in Mokilese become devoiced between voiceless consonants. The voiceless feature of the consonants spreads to the vowel and the vowel assimilates: it changes from voiced to devoiced. English examples:

20 Phonological Rules Dissimilation: a sound loses its features because of neighboring sound (or neighboring sounds) English examples: In Greek, a stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop: /epta/ 'seven' > [efta] /ktizma/ 'building' > [xtisma]

21 Phonological Rules Palatalization: the place of articulation changes and a consonant becomes palatalized In Japanese, /t/ becomes [ʧ] when followed by the high front vowel /i/ /ti/ 'blood' > [ʧi] In Shuri (Standard Okinawan) /t/ and /k/ become palatalized in the same environment /ki/ 'spirit' > [ʧi]

22 Phonological Rules Insertion: a sound is inserted English inserts consonants between nasals and voiceless fricatives /hæmstr/ > [hæmpstr]

23 Phonological Rules Deletion: a sound is deleted /h/ is deleted in English in unstressed syllables rapid speech

24 Phonological Rules Metathesis: sounds are switched Think of kids who say chicken instead of kitchen ; aminal; psketti

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