Speech Production. What is the source and filter model?

Transcription

1 Review for Test 3

2 Speech Production What is the source and filter model?

3 Speech Production What is the source and filter model? Source: friction, voicing, aspiration cause movement of air Filter: moving air is passed through vocal tract which modifies the air giving different speech sounds

4 Speech Production What is the source and filter model? How does it relate to formants?

5 Speech Production What is the source and filter model? How does it relate to formants? When voiced sounds are filtered by the vocal tract certain frequencies are amplified. Those are the formants

6 Speech Production What is a fourier analysis?

7 Speech Production What is a fourier analysis? A mathematical formula for determining what waves make up a complex wave, the frequencies and amplitudes of those waves.

8 What is a formant? Speech Production

9 Speech Production What is a formant? A group of harmonics that is amplified by the configuration of the vocal tract

10 What is a harmonic? Speech Production

11 Speech Production What is a harmonic? A multiple of the fundamental frequency

12 What is F0? Speech Production

13 Speech Production What is F0? The fundamental frequency, the lowest frequency in a complex wave, what we perceive as the pitch of the sound

14 Speech Production What are resonance frequencies?

15 Speech Production What are resonance frequencies? The frequency at which an object vibrates when acted upon. The frequencies that an object will amplify.

16 Speech Production How do you change the resonance frequencies of a speech sound?

17 Speech Production How do you change the resonance frequencies of a speech sound? Change the vocal tract

18 Speech Production How do you change the F0 of a speech sound?

19 Speech Production How do you change the F0 of a speech sound? Change the rate of vibration of the vocal folds.

20 Formants What are the articulatory correlates of F1 and F2?

21 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? Amplitude

22 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? Amplitude Darker formants and striations

23 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? F0

24 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? F0 Spacing of the striations in a wide band Spacing of the harmonics in a narrow band

25 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? voicing

26 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? Voicing Striations in wide band

27 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? stops, fricatives, vowels, nasals, glides

28 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? stops, fricatives, vowels, nasals, glides Stops: blank space except possibly in the voicing bar Fricatives: lack of striations, noise across wide range of frequencies centered in the high frequencies Vowels: dark striations and formants Sonorants: striations and formants, but less dark than vowels

29 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? laterals versus rhotics

30 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? laterals versus rhotics Rhotics make F3 lower. No distinct boundary. Laterals don t affect F3. They have a more distinct boundary. Large gap between F2 and F3

31 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? glottal stops

32 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? glottal stops Irregularly spaced striations

33 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? places of articulation

34 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? places of articulation

35 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? places of articulation

36 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? duration

37 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? Duration Horizontal distance shows duration

38 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? diphthongs versus monophthongs

39 Spectrograms How do the following show up on a spectrogram? diphthongs versus monophthongs The movement in the diphthong shows up as movement in the formants

40 Spectrograms What sounds have periodic versus aperiodic waves?

41 Spectrograms What sounds have periodic versus aperiodic waves? Periodic: vowels, nasal, rhotics, laterals, glides, voiced approximants Aperiodic: fricatives, stops, affricates, voiceless approximants

42 Spectrograms How do aperiodic and period waves look on a waveform?

43 Spectrograms How do aperiodic and period waves look on a waveform? Periodic: repeating pattern Aperiod: no repeating pattern

44 Consonants What are the three wave sources of consonants?

45 Consonants What are the three wave sources of consonants? Voicing, aspiration, friction

46 Consonants What are the three wave sources of consonants? What are they for [f] [v] [d] [k h ] [n] [w]?

47 Consonants What are the three wave sources of consonants? What are they for: [f] friction [v] friction and voicing [d] voicing [k h ] aspiration [n] voicing [w] voicing

48 What would the waveform Consonants and spectrogram look like for these sounds? Waveform [f] aperiodic, low intensity [v] aperiodic with a little more pattern to wave, low intensity [d] very low intensity period wave [k h ] no wave at all followed by spike representing burst followed by medium intensity aperiodic wave [n] medium intensity period wave [w] medium intensity period wave

49 for these sounds? Consonants Spectrogram [f] low intensity, widely distributed noise in high frequency region. No striations [v] low intensity, widely distributed noise in high frequency region. No striations except in voicing bar [d] no energy in any frequency. Striations in voicing bar [k h ] no energy in any frequency, or striations in voicing bar followed by burst of energy widely distributed across high frequency region [n] medium intensity, striations, formants, lack of energy above F1 [w] medium intensity, striations, formants, F1 and F2 movement into and out of sound

50 Vowel Quadrilateral How does this relate to articulation?

51 Vowel Quadrilateral How does this relate to articulation? High vowels are high on chart and low vowels low Front vowels are on the left and back on the right

52 What are they? What are they used for? Cardinal Vowels What is the relationship between fronting and roundness in the primary cardinal vowels? In the secondary cardinal vowels? Know the symbols for all the primary and secondary cardinal vowels.

53 Cardinal Vowels What are they? The most extremely positioned vowels What are they used for? Making comparisons What is the relationship between fronting and roundness in the primary cardinal vowels? Front are unrounded In the secondary cardinal vowels? Back are rounded Know the symbols for all the primary and secondary cardinal vowels.

54 Vowel Space What is the principle of perceptual separation of vowels? (elevator model of vowel space) What is the principle of balance of vowels?

55 Vowel Space What is the principle of perceptual separation of vowels? (elevator model of vowel space) Vowels tend to keep their distance from each other What is the principle of balance of vowels? Languages tend to have corresponding front and back vowels

56 Vowels Besides tongue height and frontness, what other secondary articulations do vowels have?

57 Vowels Besides tongue height and frontness, what other secondary articulations do vowels have? rhotacized nasalisation rounding/labialized ATR length breathy voice creaky voice/larygealized

58 Vowels Besides tongue height and frontness, what other secondary articulations do vowels have? Rhotacized: r-coloring on a vowel Nasalisation: velum lowered during vowel rounding/labialized: Lips rounded during vowel ATR: tongue root pushed forward during vowel Length: V is longer than normal breathy voice: vocal folds flap rather than vibrate creaky voice/larygealized: Vocal folds held tightly so only a portion vibrate

59 Vowels Besides tongue height and frontness, what other secondary articulations do vowels have? What are the diacritics for each?

60 Vowels Besides tongue height and frontness, what other secondary articulations do vowels have? What are the diacritics for each?

61 Secondary Articulations for Consonants Define each and give the diacritic: palatalized pharyngealized unreleased long dental breathy voice double articulation velarization labialized/rounded

62 Secondary Articulations for Consonants Define each and give the diacritic: Palatalized: tongue in palatal position during C Pharyngealized: Pharynx constricted during C Unreleased: No release of pressure after C Long: C is longer than normal Dental: C has dental place of articulation breathy voice: Vocal folds flap rather than vibrate double articulation: C is produced at two places at same time Velarization: Tongue raised toward velum during C labialized/rounded: lips rounded during C

63 Secondary Articulations for Consonants Define each and give the diacritic:

64 Syllables What are the parts of the syllable?

65 Syllables What are the parts of the syllable?

66 What is sonority? Syllables

67 Syllables What is sonority? A measure of relative amplitude/aperture of speech sounds in relationship to e

68 Syllables How does sonority related to the syllable?

69 Syllables How does sonority related to the syllable? More sonorous sounds appear closer to the nucleus and less sonorous sounds in the periphery of the syllable

70 Syllables What is onset maximization?

71 Syllables What is onset maximization? The tendency to put as many phones as possible in the onset and as few as possible in the coda.

72 What is ambisyllabicity? Syllables

73 Syllables What is ambisyllabicity? When a phone belongs to two different syllables

74 Timing Define stress timed and syllable timed languages.

75 Timing Define stress timed and syllable timed languages. Syllable timed: interval between all syllables is about equal. Stressed timed: only interval between stressed syllables is equal

76 Timing How would this show up on a waveform?

77 Timing How would this show up on a waveform? Equal distance between vowels or equal distance between stressed vowels

78 Pitch How is pitch used in: intonational languages tone languages pitch accent languages

79 Pitch How is pitch used in: intonational languages: changes meaning of utterance tone languages: changes meaning of word pitch accent languages: changes meaning of word