The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages

Transcription

1 The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages

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3 The Development of Grammar in Spanish and the Romance Languages Eduardo D. Faingold University of Tulsa

4 Eduardo D. Faingold 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Faingold, Eduardo D. The development of grammar in Spanish and the Romance languages / Eduardo D. Faingold. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Language acquisition. 2. Creole dialects. 3. Historical linguistics. 4. Romance languages Grammar, Historical. I. Title. P118.F dc

5 Magistro meo Carolo Iacobo hunc librum dono

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7 Contents List of Figure and Tables Acknowledgements ix xii 1 Introduction Theoretical background and assumptions Aims of the book Research procedures A model of markedness Outline for the book 8 2 Articles: A Result of Natural Morphological Processes in First Language Acquisition, Creolization, and Language History Introduction Sources of data The acquisition, creolization, and history of the article system The natural development of the article system Summary and conclusions 37 3 Demonstrative Pronouns: A Source of Definite Articles in History Introduction The data: from classical Latin to the Romance languages Demonstratives and indefinite articles in Latin and the Romance languages The grammaticalization of the definite article from Latin Summary and conclusions 52 4 Prepositions and Adverbs: Similar Development Patterns in First and Second Language Acquisition Introduction Applying a developmental model of markedness 54 vii

8 viii Contents 4.3 Sources of data Spatial prepositions and temporal adverbs in first and second language acquisition Spatial prepositions and temporal adverbs in developmental morphology Summary and conclusions 68 5 Subjunctive Verbs: A Result of Natural Grammatical Processes in First Language Acquisition, Second Language Learning, Language Variation, and Language History Introduction Applying the developmental model of markedness Sources of data The acquisition, learning, variation, and history of mood The development of mood Summary and conclusions 90 6 The Mental Representation of Linguistic Markedness: Cognitive Aspects of the Spanish Subjunctive Introduction The Spanish present and past subjunctive: cognitive aspects of markedness The future subjunctive in Spanish: cognitive aspects of markedness Summary and conclusions Summary and Conclusion 119 Appendices 125 References 138 Index 145

9 List of Figure and Tables Figure 6.1 The future subjunctive in the Argentine Civil Code (before 1884) and its Appendix (after 1884) 116 Tables 1.1 A developmental model of markedness English-based creoles: articles in Hawaiian creole English-based creoles: articles in Sranan A developmental typology of linguistic systems A revised developmental typology of linguistic systems Errors of segmentation by English-speaking children Errors of segmentation by Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking children Speaker-specific and listener-specific errors English-speaking children aged 3: speaker specific and listener non-specific French-speaking children aged 3 to 9: speaker specific and listener non-specific Romance-based creoles History: articles in the Romance languages Spanish/Portuguese-based koines: articles in Judeo-Ibero-Romance Spanish/Portuguese-based fusion: articles in Fronterizo Fusion in the article system of Fronterizo The article system in child language, creolization, and language history A typology of article systems Hierarchy of markedness for article systems A hierarchy of article systems Markedness criteria 35 ix

10 x List of Figure and Tables 3.1 Criteria for establishing correspondences between Latin demonstratives and Romance articles Nominatives, accusatives, and innovations in Egeria s Peregrinatio ad Loca Santa (Vulgar Latin, 4th to 6th century) Nominatives and accusatives in Chrodegangus De Vestimenta Clericorum (Vulgar Latin, mid-8th century) Demonstratives in Classical Latin Demonstratives functioning as articles in Vulgar Latin The definite article in Spanish, Portuguese, and Rumanian The development of the definite article The emergence of the definite article in Egeria s Peregrinatio ad Loca Santa The emergence of the definite article in Chrodegangus De Vestimenta Clericorum The emergence of the definite article in a Spanish document (12th century): a real estate transaction Spatial prepositions in child language Spatial prepositions in second language acquisition The subjunctive in modern Spanish The subjunctive in modern French Language acquisition: subjunctive in French-speaking children aged 3, 4 and Language acquisition: subjunctive in Spanish-speaking children aged 4 to Subjunctive neutralization in 2nd language learning: English speakers learning Spanish Language variation: subjunctive neutralization in French Language variation: subjunctive neutralization in modern Latin American and Iberian Spanish Subjunctive neutralization in modern Latin American and Iberian Spanish Subjunctive neutralization in Argentine Spanish Language history: subjunctive neutralization in medieval Spanish 83

11 List of Figure and Tables xi 5.11 Language history: subjunctive neutralization in 17th century French Markedness rules for mood in child language, second language learning, language variation, and language history A hierarchy of markedness rules Markedness criteria for ranking markedness rules of mood in Spanish and French Present subjunctive in subordinate clauses introduced by que Present subjunctive after subordinators Other uses of the present subjunctive Past subjunctive in subordinate clauses introduced by que Past subjunctive after subordinators Other uses of the past subjunctive Future subjunctive in early modern Spanish Future subjunctive in modern Spanish The future subjunctive in the Argentine Civil Code before The future subjunctive in the Appendix of the Argentine Civil Code after The future subjunctive in the Argentine Civil Code (before 1884) and its Appendix (after 1884). Normalization of cases of the future subjunctive per one-hundred pages 117

12 Acknowledgements Much of this research was supported by five University of Tulsa Faculty Research Grants in 1999 (# ), 2000 (# , # ) and 2001 (# ). I am grateful to the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Oxford University, and the University of Paris, Sorbonne for appointing me as Visiting Professor in 1999, 2000, and 2001 respectively and for providing library services. I am grateful to the East West Center at the University of Hawaii at Manoa for offering very comfortable housing in paradise in the summers of 1999 and I am also grateful to Prof. C.-J. N. Bailey who welcomed me to his home in Hilo, Hawaii and offered invaluable advice and comments on all the chapters in this book in the summers of 1999 and I am grateful to Prof. Bernard Comrie and Prof. Michael Tomasello at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig for appointing me as Visiting Scientist in the summer of I am indebted to the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdients (DAAD) for a Study Visit Grant (#A/02/15036) to visit the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig in the summer of Revisions of the chapters in this book have benefitted from comments by the audiences at the LSA conference in Los Angeles, January 1993, the WECOL conference at the University of Washington, Seattle, October 1993, the LSA conference in Boston, January 1994, the 1st Lisbon Meeting on Child Language at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, June 1994, the AATSP conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 1994, the ILA meeting at Georgetown University, Washington D.C., March 1995, the Second Language Research Forum at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, October 1997, the LASSO conference at the University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, October 1999, the Sociolinguistics Symposium at the University of West England, Bristol, UK, April 2000, the LASSO conference at the Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico, October 2000, and the conference Towards a Unified Framework in Developmental Linguistics at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April All the chapters in this book have benefitted greatly from xii

13 Acknowledgements xiii comments by Prof. C.-J. N. Bailey. Revisions of Chapter 6 has benefitted from comments by Prof. Almeida Jacqueline Toribio from PennState University, Prof. Michel DeGraff from MIT, and Dr. Sonia Hocherman. I am grateful for having studied and worked with Prof. Itzhak Schlesinger and Moshe Chayen at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Prof. Ruth Berman at Tel-Aviv University, Prof. C.-J. N. Bailey at the Technische Universitat Berlin, Prof. Roger W. Andersen at the University of California Los Angeles, Prof. Mark Aronoff and Prof. Robert Hoberman at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Prof. Lydie Meunier at the University of Tulsa.

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