An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

Transcription

1 An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology Second Edition John Clark and Colin Yallop Blackwell Publishing

2 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface to the Second Edition List of Abbreviations x xiv xv xvi 1 Introduction Phonetics and phonology Theory and analysis Relationships with other fields Outline of this book 7 Exercises 9 2 Segmental Articulation Introduction A functional overview of the speech production process The organs of speech Describing speech sounds Airstream mechanisms Modes of phonation Vocalic sounds Duration and glide in vocalic articulations Consonantal sounds Vocal tract place Tongue position Manner of articulation Stricture Force 51

3 vi Contents 2.15 Length Voice onset 52 Exercises 54 3 Units of Speech Identifying the units of speech Complex articulations Nasalization Labialization Palatalization Velarization and pharyngealization Affrication Double articulation Vowel retroflexion Diphthongization Syllabicity Segmentation and structure Diphthongs and related phenomena Interpretations 75 Exercises 80 4 The Phonemic Organization of Speech Phonetic variability The phoneme Allophones Phonemic norms Pattern and symmetry Phonological reality Units and boundaries Invariance and overlap Biuniqueness and neutralization Morphophonemic alternations Free variation The sounds of the world's languages 119 Exercises The Generative Approach to Phonology The origins of generative phonology The sound pattern of English Basic rule notation in generative phonology Formalism and evaluation Abbreviatory devices in rule notation Rule order Functional considerations Naturalness and markedness 154

4 Contents 5.9 Abstractness 156 Exercises 159 The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production Introduction Conventions of anatomical description The nervous system The respiratory system The larynx Phonation The pharynx The velum and the nasal cavity The oral cavity The tongue The lips The mandible 203 Exercises 205 The Acoustics of Speech Production The nature of sound The propagation of sound Simple harmonic motion Complex vibrations Resonance Basic amplitude properties of sound waves Time domain properties of sound waves Frequency domain properties of sound waves Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves The acoustic model of speech production Phonation as a sound source Sources of frication The vocal tract filter in vowel production Spectrographic analysis of speech Acoustic properties of vowel quality The vocal tract filter in consonant production The acoustic properties of consonants in syllables The relationship between articulatory and acoustic properties of speech production Acoustic features of prosody 295 Exercises 300 Speech Perception Introduction The auditory system Psychophysical properties of the auditory system 306 vii

5 viii Contents 8.4 Speech intelligibility Acoustic-phonetic perception Vowel perception Consonant perception Units of perception Prosodic perception Word recognition Models of speech perception Conclusion 326 Exercises Prosody Introduction The phonetic basis of suprasegmentals The systemic organization of prosody Tone languages Pitch-accent languages Stress in English Stress assignment Intonation in English 358 Exercises Feature Systems Introduction Acoustic features Articulatory features Perceptual features Distinctive features Cover features Abstract features Accuracy and universality Universal feature systems Features and discreteness Hierarchical organization of features Feature geometry Overview 383 Exercises The Progress of Phonology Currents of theory Phonetics and phonology before the twentieth century The phoneme The traditions of phonetics Phonology in North America The Prague School 395

6 Contents 11.7 Glossematics and stratificational phonology Prosodic phonology Generative phonology Natural generative phonology Natural phonology Autosegmental and CV phonology Metrical phonology Lexical phonology Dependency phonology Experimental phonology Conclusion 418 Exercises 420 Appendix 1: Phonetic Symbols Vowel symbols Consonant symbols Diacritics and conventions for complex articulations Symbols used in transcription of English 426 Appendix 2: Features Jakobson and Halle's distinctive features Chomsky and Halle's universal set of phonetic features Ladefoged's 'Traditional Features' Components in dependency phonology 433 References 435 Index 455 ix