Introduction to Linguistics. Ms. Suha Jawabreh Lecture # 5

Transcription

1 Introduction to Linguistics Ms. Suha Jawabreh Lecture # 5

2 Review: The Organs of Speech

3 The Larynx and the Vocal Folds

4 Review: Place of Articulation -Place of Articulation is the location at which two speech organs approach or come together in producing a speech sound.

5 1. Bilabials : These are sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia) -The initial sounds in the words: bat, pat, map, and walk are all bilabials. -These sounds are represented by the symbols : [b], [p], [m], [w]. 2. labiodentals: These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. -The initial sounds of the words fat, vat are labiodentals. -These sounds are represented by the symbols: [f], [v].

6 3. Dentals: These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. - The initial sounds in the words: three and then are dentals. -These sounds are represented by the symbols: [θ], [ð]. 4. Alveolars: These sounds are formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge. The initial sounds in the words : top, dip, sit, zoo, nut, lap and rip. - These sounds are represented by the symbols: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r].

7 5. Alveo-palatals: These sounds are produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge. - The initial sounds in the words: ship, chip, gem, and the middle consonant sound in words like pleasure are alveo-palatal. - These sounds are represented by the symbols: [ʃ], [tʃ], [ʒ], [dʒ]. 6. Palatals: One sound which is produced with the tongue in the middle of the palate is the [j] sound to be found at the beginning of words like you and yet.

8 7. Velars: These sounds are produced with the back of the tongue against the velum ( the soft palate). - The initial sounds in the words: kid, gig and the middle consonant sound in words like English are velars. - These sounds are represented by the symbols: [k], [g], [ŋ].

9 8. Glottals: There is one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. It is the sound [h]. - The sound [h] is produced with the air passing through the opening between the separated vocal folds. This opening is called the glottis. - The sound [ h] occurs at the beginning of words like house and have.

10 Manner of Articulation - Manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound. - The concept is often only used for the production of consonants.

11 Today, we ll learn about a third way to describe sounds: their manner of articulation -[d], [n], and [z] are all voiced alveolar sounds - What makes them different sounds? -Their manner of articulation is different. 1. [d] is a stop (complete closure) 2. [z] is a fricative (incomplete closure) 3. [n] is a nasal (Airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose)

12 -Manner of articulation: the various configurations produced by positioning the lips, tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways. Oral vs. Nasal Stops Fricatives Affricates Liquids Approximants Glides

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14 Oral vs. Nasal The velum: soft part at the back of the mouth behind the uvula. The velum can be raised and lowered. When raised: blocks airflow through the nasal passage (the nose) oral sounds When lowered: air flows through the nasal passage nasal sounds

15 - Look at the animations of [p] and [m] on the UIowa Phonetics Website. cs/english/english_main.swf

16 Nasal consonants in English: [m]: bilabial nasal, as in map [n]: alveolar nasal, as in nap [ŋ]: velar nasal, as in sang

17 Stops Stops: consonants made with a complete closure either in the oral cavity or in the glottis. English stops: bilabial, alveolar, velar, glottal Try holding the sounds [p], [t] and [k]: what happens to the airflow?

18 1. Oral stops: complete closure in the oral cavity and the velum is raised. Oral stops: [p, t, k, b, d, g] 2. Glottal stop: [ʔ] complete closure in the glottis. Always voiceless 3. Nasal stops: complete closure in the oral cavity, but the velum is lowered. Air escapes through the nasal passage. Nasal stops: [m, n, ŋ] More sonorous than other stops (louder, more intense): airflow is not as restricted. Always voiced

19 Look at the animations of stops on the UIowa Phonetics Website. cs/english/english_main.swf