In NLL-PIN Unit 8.1, you studied GERUNDS (Ving) and INFINITIVES (to + V1). Remember that we can use GERUNDS and INFINITIVES after certain verbs.

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1 SFL/METU FALL 2017 DBE PRE-INTERMEDIATE GROUP GERUNDS & INFINITIVES (INSTRUCTOR S COPY) Note to the Instructor: Please do the handout after finishing LL-PIN Unit 8.1. Please do not provide students with input on gerunds and infinitives more than given in this handout as there will be more handouts on this language point and different aspects of the topic will be covered in the following handouts. This handout aims to: introduce the basic functions of GERUNDS and INFINITIVES in a sentence, provide an extended list of gerunds and infinitives after certain verbs, revise the use of (in order to) to give purpose. In NLL-PIN Unit 8.1, you studied GERUNDS (Ving) and INFINITIVES (to + V1). Remember that we can use GERUNDS and INFINITIVES after certain verbs. VERB + GERUND * I enjoy reading before I go to sleep. * These days, we keep hearing about light pollution. * Do you like having a nap after lunch? VERB + INFINITIVE * Older people tend to sleep less. * We decided to sell our house and get rid of the noise here. * Would you like to eat out tonight? There are some other uses of gerunds and infinitives in addition to their use after certain verbs. TASK 1A. Read the text below and underline all the GERUNDS and INFINITIVES. Making money from your hobby is not easy, but Sarah Amari is lucky to earn money from her hobby, photography. At first, she didn t expect to make money from photography, but now she runs a successful business. Sarah was always interested in taking photographs. She was also good at editing them on her computer by using the Photoshop program. She continued working on her photographs until she was happy with the result. Although she had a lot of excellent photographs, she never planned to give them to people. Then one day, a friend wanted to use one of Sarah s photographs. She planned to put it on a birthday card. Using a photograph on a card gave Sarah an idea. She decided to make greeting cards with her photographs. She learned to design her own website, and then she started selling her cards online. She kept adding new cards for different holidays and celebrations. Her business is continuing to grow. Now, she is looking forward to opening a photography shop. It is not important for her to earn a lot of money from that business. She is happy to do something she likes. Taken and adapted from Reppen, Randi, (2012). Grammar and Beyond 1,, Cambridge University Press. 1

2 TASK 1B. Go over the uses of gerunds and infinitives in the boxes below, and fill in the tables with the relevant sentences from the text. GERUNDS A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun, i.e., as a subject or as an object. Gerunds: FUNCTION: EXAMPLES: can be used as the SUBJECT of a sentence - Learning English is difficult. - Swimming makes me feel relaxed. - Not eating too much is a way to lose weight. can follow a PREPOSITION (the prepositions may come after adjectives or verbs.) 1. Making money. 2. Using a photograph - He became rich by working hard. - She apologized for not coming with us. 1. was interested in taking photographs. 2. was good at editing them 3. by using the Photoshop program. 4. is looking forward to opening a photography shop. The most common preposition combinations followed by gerunds are as follows: be excited be worried complain dream *talk about doing smt. about doing smt. apologize (to someone) blame (someone) forgive (someone) thank (someone) have an excuse be responsible for doing smt. be tired be afraid be accused take care instead of doing smt. prevent (someone) prohibit (someone) from doing smt. stop (someone) believe participate *succeed be interested in doing smt. insist on doing smt. *think of/about doing smt. can follow CERTAIN VERBS - She doesn t mind driving at night. - They discussed opening a small shop. The most common verbs followed by gerunds are as follows: admit *enjoy avoid finish (get through) consider involve deny *keep (keep on) discuss mention We can use GO + GERUND for some sports and leisure activities. GO + bowling, camping, dancing, fishing, running, skiing, shopping ) 1. continued working on her photographs 2. started selling her cards 3. kept adding new cards We go dancing every weekend. Did you go shopping yesterday? *The items above are also given in NLL PIN (check reference p. 116) mind practice risk *suggest 2

3 TASK 2. Complete the following sentences using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1. The police officer told him to stop, but the thief kept running (run). 2. He avoided looking (look) at me while I was criticizing him. 3. I have a lot of homework tonight, but I d still like to go out with you later on. I will call you when I finish doing (do) the homework. 4. I haven t seen my friends for some time. I am thinking about having (have) a dinner party at home. 5. Because we were really bored, I suggested not staying (stay) at home any longer. We went out for dinner and then went to the cinema. 6. You have to be careful. You risk losing (lose) all your money in that business. 7. The Smiths house is too small. They are considering buying (buy) a bigger one. 8. Does your job involve travelling (travel) a lot? 9. He admitted stealing (steal) his mother s silver tray but denied selling (sell) it for drugs. 10. In order to improve your English, you should practice speaking (speak) English in class. TASK 3. Complete the sentences with an appropriate preposition and verb form. e.g. Alice isn t interested in (start) starting her own business. 1. Margaret had an important exam, but instead of (study) studying, she went to the theatre with some of her friends. 2. The thief was accused of (steal) stealing a woman s purse. 3. Everyone in the neighborhood participated in (search) searching for the lost child. 4. Please don t get offended. I don t blame you for (finish) not finishing the project on time. It is not your fault. I should have warned you about the deadline earlier. 5. I am sure he cannot come with us. His disability prevents him from (walk) walking such long distances. 6. My sister always complains about (have) not having enough money for the things she wants to buy. 7. It is no surprise that you hurt yourself. I will never forgive you for (take) not taking my advice. 8. Henry is excited about (have) having a vacation in India. 9. We tried really hard, but we couldn t stop him from (call) calling his assistant and scolding her. 10. I know he is a very successful writer. Has he ever succeeded in (win) winning first prize in a competition? 11. Why do you insist on (invite) inviting him to the party? I don t want to see him there. 12. The professor thanked us for (listen) listening to him so carefully, and in return we congratulated him on his perfect lecture. The sentences in TASK 2&3 were taken or adapted from Azar, B. Understanding and Using English Grammar. 3 rd Edition. Pearson Education: NY. 3

4 INFINITIVES An infinitive is the to + simple form of a verb used as a noun. Like gerunds, infinitives are verb forms that can take the place of a noun in a sentence. Infinitives: FUNCTION: can be used as the SUBJECT of a sentence, but it is less common. An infinitive is often used with it when it refers to the subject of a sentence. can follow an ADJECTIVE. Many of these adjectives express feelings or attitudes about the action in the infinitive. EXAMPLES: - To learn a foreign language is difficult. - It is difficult to learn a foreign language. - It is not important for her to earn - I m happy to meet you. - She s ready to go out. 1. is lucky to earn money from her hobby 2. is happy to do something The most common adjectives followed by infinitives are as follows: be determined to do be lucky to do be ready to do be anxious to do be happy to do be pleased to do be willing to do smt. be careful to do be likely to do be prepared to do can follow CERTAIN VERBS - Everyone wants to be rich. - He promised not to make the same mistake again. 1. didn t expect to make money 2. never planned to give 3. wanted to use 4. planned to put it 5. decided to make 6. learned to design 7. continues to grow The most common verbs followed by infinitives are as follows: afford agree appear *decide deserve expect fail *hope intend learn *manage *need can be used to express purpose. It may appear as to, in order to, or so as to. for + ing is used to talk about the general purpose of something, or what it is generally used for. 4 offer plan pretend promise refuse *seem *The items above are also given in NLL PIN (check reference p. 116) *tend threaten *want wish would like - Sarah Amari opened a photography shop to sell cards. - Sarah Amari opened a photography shop for selling cards. COMPARE: I went to the USA to attend a conference/ for a conference. I will see the doctor to have a check-up / for a check-up. - A saw is used for cutting wood. Note that to is followed by gerunds if it is a preposition. Therefore, it is important to use gerunds after the phrases below. be/get used to be/get accustomed to prefer doing sth. to in addition to *look forward to doing sth. *The item above is also given in NLL PIN (check reference p. 116) - I am not used to getting up early. - I am accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee. - I prefer playing tennis to playing basketball. - In addition to buying a lot of books, she bought a DVD. - I look forward to receiving a letter from you.

5 Some verbs can take either an infinitive with to or an ing form after them. *like *love *hate start begin continue These verbs may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with little or no difference in meaning. - It began to rain. / It began raining. - I started to work. / I started working. *The items above are also given in NLL PIN (check reference p. 116) TASK 4. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. We cannot afford to buy (buy) a new car this year. 2. My brother is a vegetarian. He refuses to eat (eat) meat and meat products. 3. Bob doesn t like his job. He is thinking about finding (find) a new one. 4. Our neighbor offered to look (look) after our children while we were at the concert. 5. Our schedule isn t working out. We should discuss changing (change) our daily routine. 6. Jane studies really hard, and she hopes to pass (pass) the exam with a good grade. 7. Although she is 35 years old, she will take the university exam this year. She is determined to have (have) a university degree. 8. His new job is really challenging. In addition to not spending (spend) time with his family, he will have to get used to the long working hours. 9. Mrs. Grant insisted on hearing (hear) the whole story and learning the truth. 10. They are considering not having (have) the party at home. Instead, they will have it outside if it is warm enough. TASK 5. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in parentheses. (1) Travelling (travel) to Mars might become reality sooner than you think. Scientists are planning to send astronauts (2) to explore (explore) Mars in the near future. Even though they know that it may be risky (3)to send (send) people rather than animals to Mars, they insist on (4) using (use) people for this mission. The scientists believe that it s the only way to find out if there has ever been life on the planet and if there could ever be. We think it is important (5) to check (check) the chances of being able (6) to live (live) on another planet. After all, it doesn t seem impossible (7) to create (create) Earth-like conditions on Mars, says Professor Huxley from Michigan University. Some other experts in the field, however, do not like this idea. They are trying to stop their colleagues from (8)sending (send) people up there so soon in the experiment. We need (9) to study (study) the planet and the conditions there before we start doing anything like this. There will be many challenges that we have to consider, says a group of scientists from the same university. The argument is likely to continue for a long time, and this might be bad news for those who are looking forward to (10) starting (start) a completely different life on another planet. 5

6 TASK 6. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning. 1. Having good friends is important. It is important to have good friends. 2. It s not a good idea to travel at night. It s better to avoid travelling at night. 3. I think you repeat the same mistake whenever you do this task. You seem to repeat the same mistake whenever you do this task.. 4. It takes a long time to learn a second language. Learning a second language takes a long time. 5. Sally wanted to get my attention, so she touched my shoulder. Sally touched my shoulder in order to get my attention. TASK 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. A. Jane is not an outdoors type. She (1) doesn t like (like) going out, especially at the weekend, so she has decided (2) to stay (stay) at home this weekend. She would like (3) to have (have) a quiet weekend. She is interested in (4) reading (read) books about astrology. She (5) bought (buy) a horoscope book two days ago and she wants (6) to read (read) it at the weekend. While she (7) was doing (do) shopping, she saw her classmate, Helen. They planned (8) to go (go) out for dinner on Wednesday evening. They discussed (9) inviting (invite) a few more friends and they expect (10) to have (have) a wonderful evening. B. George is a manager at a big company and he works really hard. He doesn t have time to cook at home, so he (11) usually eats (eat/usually) out, but he is tired of (12) eating (eat) fast food. He worries about (13) putting on (put on) weight. Last weekend, he decided (14) to make (make) changes in his life. He promised (15) not to consume (consume) fast food anymore. When he was a child, he always ate healthy food because his mother avoided (16) cooking (cook) food which was high in fat, sugar, and salt. George knows that it is important (17) to eat (eat) healthy food, so he wants (18) to learn (learn) how to cook healthy meals and he hopes (19) to find (find) time to cook at home. He wants to be able to do this, so he decided (20) to take (take) cooking lessons, and he is looking forward to (21) starting (start) the classes. C. Kerem is a new student at METU. Unfortunately, he couldn t succeed in (22) adapting (adapt) to the new environment, so he is planning (23) to go (go) to the counseling unit. People in the counseling unit are happy (24) to deal with (deal with) the students problems. Kerem hopes (25) to solve (solve) his problem in a short time. He would like (26) to have (have) new friends. In order to do this, he needs (27) to join (join) some of the clubs at METU. When he solves his problems, he will enjoy (28) being (be) a student at METU. References: Azar, B, (1999). Understanding and Using English Grammar. 3 rd Edition. Pearson Education: NY. Reppen, Randi, (2012). Grammar and Beyond 1, Cambridge University Press. Fuchs, M. & Bonner, M. (2000). Focus on Grammar (High-Intermediate). Pearson Education: NY. DBE Materials Archive, METU. 6