Preface Acknowledgements

Transcription

1 CONTENTS List of figures Preface Acknowledgements page xii xv xvii Section 1 Sounds and symbols 1 UNIT 1 The difference between speech and writing Key learning areas Introduction Writing systems and pronunciation Letters and sounds Accents Introduction to transcription consonants and vowels CV structures Rhotic and non-rhotic accents More CV structures Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 13 UNIT 2 Consonant voicing Key learning areas Introduction Speech production Voiced and voiceless sounds Symbols for English consonants The importance of the voicing parameter Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 23 v

2 UNIT 3 Consonant place of articulation Key learning areas Introduction Articulators Places of articulation Brackets The importance of place of articulation Non-SSBE places of articulation Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 35 UNIT 4 Consonant manner of articulation Key learning areas Introduction A third feature of articulation Manner diagrams Manners of articulation used in English Larger manner classes The importance of the manner feature Manners of articulation not found in SSBE Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 49 UNIT 5 The IPA chart and mid-sagittal sections for consonants Key learning areas Introduction More consonant sounds The International Phonetic Alphabet Mid-sagittal sections Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 61 UNIT 6 Vowels Key learning areas Introduction A basic distinction for English vowels Monophthongs 64 vi

3 6.5 Articulatory features of vowels Graphic representations of vowels The special case of schwa Vowel length Vowels and approximants Diphthongs The cardinal vowels Vowels on the IPA chart Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 81 UNIT 7 Airstream mechanisms Key learning areas Introduction Pulmonic egressive and ingressive airstreams Describing airstreams Non-pulmonic airstreams Non-pulmonic consonants on the IPA chart Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 97 Section 2 Putting sounds together 99 UNIT 8 Syllables and stress Key learning areas Introduction Syllables Phonotactics and distribution Stress Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 112 UNIT 9 Allophonic variations of voice Key learning areas Introduction Allophonic variation Aspiration 115 vii

4 9.5 Diacritics Meaning differences Phonemes, allophones and minimal pairs Allophones of voicing Allophones and phonemes again Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 129 UNIT 10 Allophonic variations of place Key learning areas Introduction Variations in POA Secondary articulations and variations of place Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 140 UNIT 11 Allophonic variations of manner Key learning areas Introduction Nasalisation Allophonic variations of manner relating to plosives Free allophonic variation and complementary distribution Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 156 UNIT 12 Allophonic variations of vowels Key learning areas Introduction Brief revision from the previous unit Pre-fortis clipping Additional diacritics for vowels Diacritics on the IPA chart Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 164 viii

5 UNIT 13 Allophonic transcription and parametric diagrams Key learning areas Introduction Revision about transcription Key differences between allophonic and broad transcription Parametric diagrams Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 173 UNIT 14 Speech sound variation Key learning areas Introduction Types of variation Variation between speakers Variation within an individual Pronunciation change over time Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 186 Section 3 Putting words together 189 UNIT 15 Weak forms and elision Key learning areas Introduction Weak forms Elision Elision of /t/ and /d/ Elision of /h/ Connected speech processes Word-internal cases of elision Vowel elision Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 200 UNIT 16 Liaison Key learning areas Introduction 202 ix

6 16.3 The problem of adjacent vowels /r/ liaison Linking /r/ Intrusive /r/ Conditions for /r/-liaison /r/-liaison and rhoticity Potential meaning confusion Newer liaison forms Other types of liaison in English Elision and liaison Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 208 UNIT 17 Assimilation Key learning areas Introduction Voicing assimilation Place assimilation Manner assimilation Elision and assimilation Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 216 UNIT 18 Broad transcription Key learning areas Introduction Thinking about transcription Types of transcription Potential problems with transcription Broad transcription practice Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 224 UNIT 19 Intonation Key learning areas Introduction The production of intonation 227 x

7 19.4 Tone languages Intonation Systems of intonation notation Intonation phrases Stress and accent Heads Pre-heads Complete intonation patterns Systems of intonation notation Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 244 UNIT 20 Functions of intonation Key learning areas Introduction Recap about intonational meaning Intonational meaning in English Intonation phrases Accent position Nuclear tone Key and register Multiple meanings Variation and change in intonation Summary Looking forward Review questions Review exercises 259 Answers to review exercises 261 Resources 278 Appendix 1 IPA chart 281 Appendix 2 List of VPM labels for SSBE consonants 282 Appendix 3 List of diacritics for allophonic transcription of SSBE 283 Flash cards to copy and complete 285 Index 294 xi

8 FIGURES 1.1 Example logograms for book and leg page Some parts of the body used to produce speech The vocal folds abducted The vocal folds narrowed The vocal tract An example manner diagram Manner diagram for a plosive Manner diagram for a fricative Manner diagram for an approximant Manner diagram for an affricate Mid-sagittal sections showing (1) oral airflow, (2) oral and nasal airflow, (3) nasal airflow Manner diagram for a nasal Manner diagram for a trill Manner diagram for a tap The (pulmonic) consonants section of the IPA chart Step 1 for drawing mid-sagittal sections Step 2 for drawing mid-sagittal sections Step 3 for drawing mid-sagittal sections Step 4 for drawing mid-sagittal sections A mid-sagittal section with shading Voiceless velar plosive (left) and voiceless alveolar plosive (right) Voiced alveolar nasal (upper left), voiced alveolar lateral approximant (upper right), voiceless alveolar fricative (lower left), and voiced postalveolar approximant (lower right) Mid-sagittal section of a voiced postalveolar affricate Articulatory features of vowels The SSBE monophthongs represented in a table The vowel quadrilateral, with /i/ marked A vowel quadrilateral with /ɜ/ /ɑ/ and /u/ marked A vowel quadrilateral showing approximate positions of the SSBE monophthongs 71 xii

9 List of figures 6.6 Vowel quadrilaterals showing SSBE closing diphthongs (left) and centring diphthongs (right) The articulatorily defined cardinal vowels The primary cardinal vowels and the numbers used to refer to them The secondary cardinal vowels and the numbers used to refer to them Primary and secondary cardinal vowels The vowels section of the IPA chart The first stage of a bilabial implosive The second stage of a bilabial implosive The third stage of a bilabial implosive The fourth stage of a bilabial implosive The first stage of an alveolar implosive The second stage of an alveolar implosive The first stage of a velar ejective The second stage of a velar ejective The third stage of a velar ejective The fourth stage of a velar ejective The first stage of an alveolar click The second stage of an alveolar click The third stage of an alveolar click The fourth stage of an alveolar click The second stage of a voiced nasal alveolar click The non-pulmonic consonant section of the IPA chart Parametric diagram of vocal fold vibration in gold Parametric diagram of vocal fold action in preen Parametric diagram of vocal fold vibration in Pam Parametric diagram of vocal fold action in spam Parametric diagram of vocal fold vibration in teepee Parametric diagrams of vocal fold vibration in head (upper) and ahead (lower) Mid-sagittal sections showing the production of non-velarised (left) and velarised (right) /l/ Mid-sagittal sections for a non-nasalised (left) and nasalised (right) palatal approximant /j/ Parametric diagram of velum action in parsnip Manner diagram for a plosive Parametric diagram for the position of the velum in hand Inaudible release of /k/ due to overlap with hold phase of /t/ Inaudible release of /k/ due to overlap of friction in /f/ Free allophonic variation and complementary distribution for /t/ Manner diagrams for /d/s in bad and day when the words are spoken in isolation 155 xiii

10 List of figures 11.9 Manner diagrams for /d/s in the phrase bad day Parametric diagrams for velum action in helm (upper) and help (lower) Parametric diagram for velum action in man The diacritics section of the IPA chart Stage 3 of drawing a parametric diagram Stage 4 of drawing a parametric diagram Stage 5 of drawing a parametric diagram Stage 6 of drawing a parametric diagram Stage 7 of drawing a parametric diagram Stage 8 of drawing a parametric diagram Parametric diagram for mangoes Parametric diagram for vaseline Parametric diagram for impediments Parametric diagram for gazumping Interaction between regional and social variation in pronunciation Summary of the conditions for elision of /t/ and /d/ in SSBE A musical score for a simple tune to the first line of Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star An interlinear diagram for the first line of Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star The seven nuclear tones in SSBE The seven nuclear tones produced with a one-syllable tail Tails following falling (upper) and rising (lower) nuclear tones A possible intonation pattern for A fistful of dollars A possible intonation pattern for For a few dollars more An example of a low-level head An example of a high-level head An example of a falling head An example of a rising head Examples of pre-heads Interlinear diagrams for interpretation A fall and rise described in terms of high and low pitch levels Interlinear diagrams for I ll get the shopping tonight, with the head starting on I ll (left) and get (right) High (left), neutral or default (middle) and low (right) key 254 xiv