Linguistics 288b. Phonetics. Three branches of phonetics. The International Phonetic Alphabet. Some IPA symbols IPA
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1 Linguistics 288b Phonetics 1 Phonetics What is phonetics? The study of the characteristics of human speech sounds to provide methods for their description, classification and transcription Linguistics 288b 2 Three branches of phonetics The International Phonetic Alphabet i. Articulatory phonetics: the physiology of speech production ii. Acoustic phonetics: the physical characteristics of the sound wave produced by speaking iii. Auditory phonetics: the perception of speech sounds as mediated by the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain Like any technical field of study, a special vocabulary is a necessary tool. The symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) form part of this special vocabulary Linguistics 288b 3 Linguistics 288b 4 IPA This alphabet is a set of conventions for representing speech sounds. There is a one-to-one correspondence between symbol and sound. Since the relation between symbol and speech sound is arbitrary, phonetic symbols must be memorized, e.g. Some IPA symbols [T] = the initial sound in thigh, thin, throw [D] = the initial sound in thy, this, them [f] = the initial sound in filter, philosophy [ej] = the vowel sound in grate, great Linguistics 288b 5 Linguistics 288b 6 1
2 Phonetic transcription Many-to-one correspondence between sound and orthography When words, phrases and sentences are written to reflect the sounds they contain, this type of writing is a phonetic transcription, e.g. grate [grejt] great [grejt] bow [bow] bow [baw] Orthography <t> Corresponding sound [t] [S] [R] slate nation Peter examples [slejt] [nejs n] [pijr r] [/] button [b /n`] Linguistics 288b 7 Linguistics 288b 8 One-to-many correspondence between sound and orthography IPA Sound Orthography <f> <gh> Examples fox laugh [faks] [lqf] A phonetic transcription should not be confused with a conventional spelling system, although the two may use similar alphabetic symbols [f] <ph> <ff> phone suffer [fown] [s f r] Review examples of phonetic transcription on pp of the textbook Linguistics 288b 9 Linguistics 288b 10 Phonetics and knowledge of language Speakers know that speech is a sequence of discrete units, although objectively the stream of speech is continuous (e.g. the word bat contains three distinct speech sounds - [b], [Q], [t]) Phonetics and knowledge of language Speakers know when occurrences of two sounds must be classified as the same (e.g. initial [b] of bat and boot ) and when they should be classified as different (e.g. initial [b] of big and initial [d] of dig ) Linguistics 288b 11 Linguistics 288b 12 2
3 Sound production - consonants Consonants Three basic parameters i. Glottal state ii. Places of ii. Manner of a) Glottal state, e.g. i. Voiceless state: vocal folds apart and air passage reasonably unimpeded Initial sounds of English pull, French poule Initial sounds of English full, French foule Linguistics 288b 13 Linguistics 288b 14 Consonants glottal state ii. Voiced state: vocal folds close together and vibrating Initial sounds of English ball, French bal Initial sounds of English van, French vache Other states not relevant to English or French Consonants b) Places of : the place/point in the oral cavity where two articulators come together to obstruct airflow i. Labial Bilabial: constriction between two lips - [b]: bet Labiodental: constriction between lower lip and upper teeth - [v]: vet Linguistics 288b 15 Linguistics 288b 16 Consonants - place of Dental Dental: constriction between tongue tip and back of upper teeth (not significant in English or French) Interdental: constriction between tongue tip and edges of teeth - [θ]: thin Consonants - place of Alveolar: constriction between tongue tip and ridge behind upper teeth - [d]: din Alveopalatal: constriction between tongue tip/blade and hard palate - [S] ship, [ts] chip Linguistics 288b 17 Linguistics 288b 18 3
4 Consonants - places of Velar: constriction between tongue body and soft palate - [g]: get Glottal: constriction between vocal folds - [h]: hit Consonants Manner of : the position of the lips, tongue, velum and glottis Oral: velum is raised to block airflow to the nasal passages Nasal: velum is lowered to allow air to flow through the nasal passages - [n]: nose, [N]: sing NB: both consonants and vowels can be nasal Linguistics 288b 19 Linguistics 288b 20 Manner of Stop: complete blockage of airflow in the oral cavity - [b]: bet, [m]: met Fricative: narrowing of vocal tract but continuous flow of air through the oral cavity - [v]: vet, [s]: set Affricate: stop blockage followed by fricative release of airflow - [ts]: chip Manner of Lateral: airflow over one or both sides of the tongue - [l]: let Retroflex: airflow between tongue tip against alveolar ridge - [r]: red Flap: a type of retroflex consonant produced when the tongue tip strikes the alveolar ridge - [R] better Glide: lesser degree of narrowing than in the production of fricatives - [j]: yet, [w]: wet Linguistics 288b 21 Linguistics 288b 22 Sound production vowels Four basic parameters i. Vowel height ii. Front-back iii. Lip rounding iv. Tongue tension Vowels Vowel height: the position of the body of the tongue in relation to the roof of the mouth i.high - [I]: sit, [i]: seat ii.mid - [E] met iii.low - [Q]: sat Linguistics 288b 23 Linguistics 288b 24 4
5 Vowels Front-back: the forward/backward displacement of the highest point of the tongue ii. Front - [I]: sit, [E]: set, [Q]: sat iii. Central - [ ] but iii. Back - [U]: book, [ç]/[a]: bought Vowels Lip rounding: the configuration of the lips Rounded - [U]: book, [uw]: boot, [ow]: boat, [ç]: bought (British); [y]: lune Unrounded - [I]: sit, [E]: set, [Q] sat, [A]: bought (American) English front vowels are all unrounded English back vowels are rounded, except for the low vowel [A] Linguistics 288b 25 Linguistics 288b 26 Vowels Tongue tension: degree of muscle tension in the tongue Tense - [ij]: seat, [ej]: mate, [uw]: boot, [ow]: boat Lax - [I]: sit, [E]: set, [U]: book Tense vs. lax Tense vowels are usually produced with a higher tongue position than their lax counterparts; they are also phonetically longer e.g. [sijt] vs. [sit], [mejt] vs. [met], [bowt] vs [bçt] Linguistics 288b 27 Linguistics 288b 28 Diphthongs An English tense vowel is produced with a tongue position that is higher at the end than at the beginning of the The final position is roughly equivalent to that of the glide [j] or [w] e.g. [sijt] seat, [mejt] mate [buwt] boot, [bowt] boat Diphthongs A vowel in which the height of the tongue changes during production is called a diphthong Other English diphthongs: [aj] [aw] [çj] buy, my, die bough, now, loud boy, boil Linguistics 288b 29 Linguistics 288b 30 5
6 Another parameter Describing consonants Nasal/oral: position of the velum/soft palate Nasal: velum allowing nasal airflow French vowels: [me ] main hand, [mãn] (il) ment (he) lies English and French consonants: [m], [n], etc. Oral: no nasal airflow French vowels: [m] mets dish, [ma] mât mast English and French consonants: [b], [d], etc. [p] [D] [m] Glottal state Voiceless Voiced Voiced Place of Bilabial Interdental Bilabial Manner of Stop Fricative Nasal Linguistics 288b 31 Linguistics 288b 32 Describing vowels [Q] [ ] Tongue height Low Mid Tongue backness Front Back Lip rounding Unrounded Unrounded Tongue tension Lax Lax Position of velum Oral Oral NB: English does not have phonemic nasal vowels (compare with French: faim [fe ] hunger vs. (il) fait [fe] he does ). This will be discussed in Chapter 3 (Phonology) [ow] Mid Back Rounded Tense Oral Linguistics 288b 33 Linguistics 288b 34 Quick homework How many segments are there in the following words? 1. at 2. math 3. cure 4. psychology 5. knowledge 6. awesome Linguistics 288b 35 6
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