Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Goals

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Goals 4-1 Learn to parse and translate nouns Identify the number and gender Figure out the lexical form The book teaches how to pluralize nouns. This lecture (and my class) omit this.

2 Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan 4-2

3 Noun 4-3 A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. Person: מ שׁ ה Place: י ם י רוּשׁ ל Thing: י ם Idea: ד ק ה צ

4 Lexical Form 4-4 The form you look up in a dictionary. E.g., look up ox not oxen E.g., look up go not went Singular = Lexical form of a Hebrew noun. שּׁ ה E.g., look up א ים not נ שׁ

5 Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan 4-5

6 Hebrew Nouns Have Gender 4-6 A noun is either masculine or feminine Unlike Greek, there is no neuter! Words for non-living things still have gender פ ר E.g., ס book is masculine ה E.g., תּ ר law, instruction is feminine The gender of a noun never changes Exception: Some nouns are treated as masculine in some verses and as feminine in other verses. ר ך E.g., דּ

7 Hebrew Nouns Have Number A noun is either Singular, Plural, or Dual Dual indicates a pair of something Dual is rare A typical use is paired body parts E.g., י ם ע ינ two eyes The number of a noun can change Whereas the gender of a noun does not change. 4-7

8 Ending Indicates the Number 4-8 A noun is either singular, plural, or dual Singular is unmarked or has a ending, וּתתתת endings: FS ית ת ת, ת ת, ה ה, ה ה Rarely, MS may end in Dual always has an ending with a diphthong ת י ם, י ם Plural always has a distinctive ending, ת ת ת ת ים

9 Exception: Nouns that Look Dual 4-9 Dual ending always has a diphthong ת י ם, י ם 3 common words always look dual י ם שׁ מ heaven or heavens or sky צ ר י ם מ Egypt י ם מ water or waters Scholars argue about if they are dual or plural. I won t ask for their number on a quiz.

10 Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-10 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan

11 Ending (Usually) Indicates Noun Gender Masculine singular usually has no ending סוּס, ל ב, ס פ ר E.g., ה ה ה ה Feminine singular usually ends in סוּס ה, תּ ר ה, א שּׁ ה E.g., Masculine dual always ends in Feminine dual ends in ת י ם or Masculine plural usually ends in סוּס ים, ר אשׁ ים E.g., י ם י ם י ים Defective spelling ם שׁםםםם שׁ שׁ שׁ. ר ראאאא סוּס סם, Feminine plural usually ends in ת ת ת ת סוּס ת, תּ ר ת E.g., סוּס ת, תּ ר ת ת Defective spelling 4-11

12 Exceptions to Normal Gender-Based Endings ה ה ה ה A few masculine singulars end in ה E.g., שׂ ד field Some feminine singulars are unmarked E.g., פ שׁ נ soul, life is feminine וּת ית, or, ת, ת Some feminine singulars end in Unaccented ה ה ה ה is NOT the FS ending י ל ה E.g., ל ה ל ה MS; night is א towards a tent is MS. Duals ending in י ם could be masculine or feminine י ם E.g., י ד 2 hands is feminine Some masculine plurals end in ת ת ת ת ב ת E.g., א fathers Some feminine plurals end in ים E.g., נ שׁ women ים 4-12

13 Pluralizing a Singular Noun Remove the singular ending if there is one. ה ה, ת ת, ית, ת ת ה ה,וּתתתת, 2. Add the plural ending ים ם ם ת ת ת ת (defective or ) ת ת ת ת or 3. Sometimes other changes ישׁ change: Sometimes stem ים א שׁ א נ שׁ Usually vowel changes if there was no suffix, because the distance to the accent changes. יא reduction: Propretonic נ ב יא ים נ ב פ ר nouns: Segholate ים ס פ ר ס Geminate nouns regain the Dagesh Forte. צּ ים ח חץ חץ חץ ץ E.g., ח

14 Number and Gender of Noun Endings 4-14 ה ת ת ה No ending Singular, probably M ה MS וּתתתת, ית, ת, ת, ה FS י ם י ם ת י ם ת י ם ים ם ם ( ים ) ) ת ת ת ת ת ת ת ת ( Memorize this page both directions: Dual, probably M FD Plural, probably M Plural, probably F ם Gender and number of י י? Plural, probably masculine FS endings? ה ה, ת ת, ית, ת ת no ending,וּתתתת,

15 Practice Identifying Gender and Number 4-15 אחחחח א א א.1.2 פ שׁ נ א א א א שּׁ שּׁה שּׁה שּׁה ה.3 בּ בּת בּת בּת ת.4 יר ים.5 שׁ.6 תּ ר ת.7 ח ל מ ת ים.8 נ נ י ע ע ע ע ם.9 י ינ ע ע ע ע ם.10 ת י מּ א א א א ם.11 י פּ א א א א ה ת י י Ø Singular probably M (MS) Ø Singular probably M (FS) Singular ה Feminine (FS) Singular ת Feminine (FS) Plural י ם probably M (MP) ת ת ת ת Plural probably F (FP) ת ת ת ת Plural probably F (MP) Plural י ם probably M (MP) י ם Dual probably M (FD) ת י ם Dual Feminine (FD) י ם Dual probably M (MD)

16 or How to find the Lexical Form of Most Nouns 1. Remove the ending ( ים or ת ת ת ת or 2. Perhaps add a singular ending. ם י ת י ם ) If feminine, usually add ה ה (maybe ת ת / ית / ת ת (וּתתתת/ Almost all MS and a few FS have no ending. ה ה ה ה A few MS add 3. Drop word-final Dagesh Forte that lacks a vowel. עםםםם ע ע ע ע ע ע ע ם ם ם ם ע ע ע ע מּ מּ מּ מּ יםםםם E.g., 4. Often change vowels, especially if no singular ending ר י ם E.g., Reduced vowels often unreduce: ב דּ דּ דּ דּ ב בר בר בר ר. דּ דּ דּ דּ Regular vowels may change: E.g., קרררר ק ק ק. בּ בּ בּ בּ ק ק ק ק ר רי רי רי ים בּ בּ שׁ שׁי שׁי שׁי יר. שׁ שׁי שׁי שׁי י ר רי רי רי ים E.g., Vowel letters do not change:

17 Memorize Irregular Plurals in Know the lexical form of these plurals ( י י is.יםםםם י chapter 5) Singular Plural man שׁ אי men א נ שׁ ים woman א שּׁ ה women נ שׁ ים city ע יר cities ע ר ים father אב fathers א ב ת house בּ י ת houses בּ תּ ים daughter בּ ת daughters בּ נ ת son בּן sons בּ נ ים day י ם days י מ ים sea ים seas י מּ ים

18 Practice Finding the Gender, Number, & Lexical Form יר ים שׁ.2 תּ ר ת.3 ח ל מ ת.4 ם ב ר י דּ.5 ב ב ת ל.6 ם נ נ י ע ע ע ע.7 ח צ ר ת.8 ם ל כ י מ.9 נ פ שׁ ת.10 ב ת ח ר.11 ם י נ שׁ א א א א יר שׁ תּ ר ה תּ ר ם ח ל ב ר דּ ב ר דּ ב ב ל ב ל ב נןןןן נ נ נןןןן נ נ ע ע ע ע ע ע ע ע ח צ ר צ ר ח ל ל ך מ ך ל ל מ פ שׁ נ נ פ שׁ ב ח ר ר ב ח שׁ א א א א ישׁשׁשׁ א א א א נ נשׁ נשׁ נשׁ שׁ MP FP MP MP MP FP (M/F)P MP FP FP MP

19 Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-19 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment and Study Plan

20 Rules of Shewa (Traditional) 4-20 י Can t have 2 reduced vowels in a row ים Alef in א לה quiesces after a prefix א לה ים ים ל ים ל א לה ל א לה So if you see 2 Shewas in a row, the first is Silent Shewa. When 2 reduced vowels in a row, the first becomes short G G G G G G G G G G G G י י

21 Rules of Shewa (Reversed) 4-21 י If a word BEGINS with a short vowel followed by a reduced vowel, it may have been two reduced vowels. י י G G G G G G G G G G G G If the short vowel is under a guttural, it works even if it is not at the beginning of a word. G G G G G G

22 Chapter 4 Hebrew Nouns: Agenda 4-22 Noun concepts Hebrew nouns Gender Number Endings How to pluralize (just FYI for my class) Finding the lexical form Rules of Shewa Traditional Reversed Assignment & Study Plan

23 Assignment & Study Plan Review Constantly review old material We ll only learn things that are worth long-term memory. Old material is always fair game on quizzes Priorities: 1. Vocabulary 2. Study Guide 3. Old Quizzes Make vocabulary your top priority: My best students consistently say that they do this.

24 Assignment & Study Plan Vocabulary Learn new words: Vocabulary guide has mnemonics and transliteration Videos walk through the pronunciation and syllabification MP3s of the vocabulary Use flash cards (electronic or paper) (כ vs. ח,ט vs. ת,ע vs..א (e.g., Remember sound-alike letters Remember unmarked FS nouns. Put missed cards back in your pile a few words later. Review constantly Once a week: Go through all vocabulary (shuffled together) Missed or hesitant vocabulary goes in the working pile Once a day: Go through all vocabulary that was new in the past week. Go through your working pile. 4-24

25 is is Assignment & Study Plan New Material Learn chapter 4 Read the textbook and textbook supplement. Understand and memorize the study guide. Learn to pronounce and memorize the vocabulary. Be sure to memorize the irregular plural words as vocabulary. י E.g., know that י מ י days and י מּ seas. ם They are all in slide 4-17, the study guide, and the vocabulary guide.. ם 4-25 Practice chapter 4 Do workbook pages Also identify Dagesh & Shewa. Syllabify. Pronounce. My class does not memorize or practice how to pluralize nouns.