OLD!CHINESE!DIALECTS!ACCORDING!TO-FANGYAN!

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1 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 Received14May2013. Accepted6September2013. OLDCHINESEDIALECTSACCORDINGTO-FANGYAN TakashiMATSUE HokkaidoUniversity,Japan Abstract ThispaperdiscussesFāngyán,theoldestdialectaldictionaryinChina,consideredtohavebeen authoredbyyángxióng(53b.c.ha.d.18).itdescribeshowfāngyánwascompiledaswellasitsbasic structureanditslinguisticvalue,andthenintroducesactualexamplesofstudiesofoldchinesedialects that have used Fāngyán as a linguistic resource in documenting lexical histories and in determining linguisticdistancebetweendialectalregions. Keywords OldChinesedialects,linguisticgeography,Fangyan,YangXiong LOSDIALECTOSCHINOSANTINGUOSSEGÚNELFANGYAN Resumen EsteartículoexaminaelFāngyán,eldiccionariodialectalmásantiguodeChina,atribuidoaYang Xiong(53a.CH18d.C.).SedescribecómofuecompiladoelFāngyán,asícomosuestructurabásicaysu valor lingüístico, introduciendo posteriormente ejemplos reales de los estudios de antiguos dialectos chinosquehanusadoelfāngyáncomounrecursolingüísticoenladocumentacióndehistoriasléxicasy enladeterminacióndeladistancialingüísticaentreregionesdialectales. Palabrasclave dialectoschinosantiguos,geografíalingüística,fāngyán,yangxiong 181

2 TakashiMATSUE 1.Introduction The history of dictionaries in ancient China begins with Ěryǎ, 1 which is considered to have been created sometime between the end of the second and the beginningofthefirstcenturyb.c. 2 FromthelasthalfoftheEasternZhouperiod(770H 256B.C.) through the Former Han period, there was a custom of giving semantic explanationsforabstrusewordswritteninscriptures.thiscustom,knownasxùngǔ,producedtwospecificforms:interpretationwithphrasesorsimplesentences,and explanation with synonymous words. Ěryǎ is a dictionary that includes a comprehensivecollectionofthesexùngǔ,groupedintolexicalitems. 3 Fāngyán, which will be introduced in this paper, is a dictionary of the same general nature as Ěryǎ.However,itisuniqueinthefollowingtwoaspects: (1)Itspecifiestheareasofdistributionofthewordsincluded; (2) its entries reflect contemporaneous slang(colloquial expressions) as well as minoritylanguages. ThispaperaimstodemonstratethevalueofFāngyánasalinguisticresourceon theoldchinesedialects,andtoillustratewithactualstudiesconductedonfāngyán. 2.AboutFāngyán- 2.1GeneralDescriptionofFāngyán TheformalnameofFāngyánisYóuxuānshǐzhějuédàiyǔshìbiéguófāngyán.ItiswidelybelievedthatthedictionarywascompiledbyYáng 1 Inthispaper,theChinesenamesofbooks,namesofpeople,andnamesofareas(ancientnamesof areas),aswellasthechinesewordforms,willbespelledinpinyin,whichiswidelyusedinchina. 2 There are various theories as to the completion of Ěryǎ. The theory that it was already completed beforethesecondcenturyb.c.isalsowidelysupported.thisissueisnottobediscussedinthispaper. 3 In addition to dictionaries like Ěryǎ that organized entries according to lexical items, other ancient Chinesedictionariescataloguedtheircontentsaccordingtothesoundsorstructuresofcharacters.The formertypeofdictionariesaresaidtohavebeencreatedbyaroundthethirdcentury,buttheearliest examples are lost today. However, they are lost as of today. The oldest in existence is Qièyùn (AD601),authoredbyLùFǎyán.TheoldestamongthelattertypeofdictionariesisShuōwénjiězì (ca.ad100)authoredbyxǔshèn. 182

3 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 Xióng (53 B.C.HA.D. 18), who lived in the late Former Han period. 4 The compilationprocessoffāngyáncanberoughlysummarizedasfollows. FromtheZhouperiod(ca.1046H256B.C.)throughtheQinperiod(221H207B.C.), the imperial court sent emissaries to various regions every August to collect ancient wordsandregionalwords.whentheqindynastywasoverthrown,thesewordswere discarded and disappeared from sight. However, in Shǔ, which was Yáng Xióng s hometown,therewasapersonwhostoredover1,000suchwords.further,therewas apersonwhoknewhowtosortthosecollectedwords.yángxióngtookaninterestin thesewordsanddecidedtoinvestigateregionalvocabularyhimself.wheneverthere were gatherings of government clerks and soldiers, he went there to search for regionalwordsandsortedthem.hisinvestigationwentonfortwentyhsevenyears,and hecollectedsome9,000charactersintotal. 5 TheaboveshowsthatmostofthewordsincludedinFāngyánareregionalwords actuallyusedinthelateformerhanperiod wordsthatyángxiónghimselfcollected throughfieldsurveys andaportionofthoseareregionalwordsdatingfrombefore thehanperiod. WhatmotivatedYángXióngtoperformsuchsurveyswashiseagernesstomake accurateinterpretationsoftheabstrusewordsusedinconfucianscriptures.inother words,yángxióngbelievedthatoldwordsthathadalreadybeenlostinthecommon 4 HóngMài (1123H1202A.D.),wholivedintheSouthernSungperiod,raiseddoubtswhetherYáng XióngtrulyauthoredFāngyán.Later,inQingtimes,DàiZhèn raisedanobjectiontohóngmài s theory.sincethen,ithasbecomewidelyacknowledgedthatyángxióngauthoredfāngyán.inanycase, thereisarecordofyīngshào (~arounda.d.200)quotingdirectlyfromfāngyáninthelaterhan period. It is therefore believed that Fāngyán had already been completed by that point, at the very latest. Fāngyánhasappearedinvariousprintversions.Theonesthathavesurvivedtothepresentare thethirteenvolumesannotatedbyguōpú (A.D.276H324).Theoldestprintedcopyinexistenceis theonepublishedin1200bylǐmèngchuán.thestandardprintwidelyusedinlinguisticresearch isfāngyánjiàojiān,whichwasmodifiedbyzhōuzǔmó basedontheprintpublishedby LǐMèngchuánandbycomparingthistootherprints.SeeSatō(2000)formoreontheissueofprints. 5 What is described here is based on the preface of Fēngsútōngyì by Yīng Shào and the contentsofthecorrespondenceexchangedbetweenyángxióngandliúxīn. Endō(1998)analyzeseachvolumeofFāngyánaccordingtoaspectsoftheexpressiveformsused ineachentryandtheregionalityofthedialectwordsincluded,andpointsoutthattherewereatleast twomaterialsthatfāngyánusedasbasicresources.itremainsataskforfutureresearchtoidentifyhow theregionalvocabularyyángxióngtookoverfromhisseniorsandtheregionalvocabularyhehimself collectedwereactuallycontained. 183

4 TakashiMATSUE language were still preserved in the dialects, and that they were useful in correctly understandingtheconfucianscriptures. 2.2BasicStructuresoftheContents The entries in Fāngyán come in several different patterns. Following is an exampleofonesimpletype: (Volume1ofEntry1) Hereisatranslationofthisentry: Thewordformsdǎng,xiǎo,andzhé allbelongtothelexicalitemzhì (=theyallmeanthesame).intheareacalledchǔ,theworddǎng isused.some usexiǎo (inthisarea)aswell.intheareassuchasqí andsòng,zhé isused. As this example shows, we can obtain detailed information on a certain lexical item, including its standard word form, its regional word forms, and their areas of distribution.thisisonlyoneoftheseveralpatterns,butnearlyallofthemprovidethe samegeneralinformation. 6 InFāngyán,thereare263totallexicalentriesthatspecify theareasofdistributionofregionalwords,asentry1ofvolume1does.thedictionary includesawiderangeofwordtypes,fromabstractonessuchasadjectivesandverbs, toconcretenamesofweapons,clothing,housewares,animals,andinsects. 2.3ValueasaLinguisticResource Asdescribedin 1.2,theentryprovidesevidencethatdǎng andxiǎo are usedinchǔastheregionalformsofthestandardwordzhì,andzhé isusedin theareastraddlingqíandsòng.fāngyáncanbeusedasalinguisticresourceonold Chinesedialectsifthefollowingthreethingsarepossiblefromitsrecords: (1)Determinationofthemeaningoftheentryinquestion, 6 However,formostofthewordsincludedinVolume12andVolume13,theareasofdistributionare not specified.this indirectly indicates that Fāngyán is an unfinished work. The contents of the correspondenceexchangedbetweenyángxióngandliúxīnalsoimpliesthatfāngyánisunfinished. 184

5 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 (2)Presumptionoftheactualgeographicallocationsoftheareasofdistribution describedbythenamesintheentry, (3)Reconstructionofthesoundsofeachwordform. Withregardto(1),annotationsweremadebyGuōPú (A.D.276H324)atan earlystage,andmanyscholarsmadesubsequentadditions.themostcomprehensive andsystematicaloftheseannotationsistheworkcalledfāngyánshūzhèng bydàizhèn (A.D.1723H1777),aphilologistfromtheQingperiod.Init,DàiZhèn empiricallyexaminedthemeaningsofalltheentriesincludedinfāngyán.itretainsits valueasaresearchmaterialeventoday;forexample,dàizhènpointsoutthatthe hererepresentsthewordformthatisusuallywrittenwiththecharacterzhì.itis myownbeliefthatdàizhèn stheoryisbasicallycorrect.basedonthis,andbasedon howregionalwordssuchasdǎng,xiǎo,andzhé areusedinancientchinese texts,iwouldliketoproposethatthemeaningofthewordsincludedinthisentryis tohaveathoroughknowledge(ofthenatureofthings). 7 With regard to (2), the names of the areas described in Fāngyán include ones actually used in the late Han period, but many of them are from the Zhou period, which poses a problem. Geographical ranges of the names used in Zhou times vary significantly at different periods. Therefore, the question here is which geographical range the names used in Fāngyán are referring to, and in which period. Philological studieshavemadestrikingprogressinresolvingthisquestion.thankstostudiessuch asdīng(1991),liú(1992),andhuà(2006),manyquestionsarebeingclarified. Withregardto(3),whichistheissueofreconstructingthesoundsystemofproto Chineselanguages,BerhardKarlgren(1889H1978)laidthegroundworkforthisproject when he succeeded in reconstructing Ancient Chinese used around 600 A.D. and Archaic Chinese used around 800 B.C.; and the results came to fruition in Karlgren (1957). Thanks to the efforts of many researchers since then, the accuracy of the reconstruction is much improved today. However, many of the regional words includedinfāngyánareonesusedinthelateformerhanperiod,belongingneitherto 7 Satō(2000:21)translatedthislexicalitemas (stateofhavingwisdom).thispaper usesthisinterpretationasareferenceaswell. 185

6 TakashiMATSUE Ancient nor Archaic Chinese, but rather falling somewhere between them. The accuratereconstructionofthephonologyofthehanperiodisatasktobeaddressedin thefuture.inthispaper,iwillusethepresumedsoundsofoldchinese(chineseused betweentheeleventhcenturyb.c.andthirdcenturyb.c.),whichwasreconstructedby Schuessler (2009). Then, the words in Entry 1 of Volume 1 shown above will be reconstructed as zhì [*treh], dǎng [*tâŋʔ], xiǎo [*hiâuʔ], and zhé [*trat]. As described above, Fāngyán is a valuable resource on old Chinese dialects. However,ithascertainlimitationsasadialectresource: (i)thenumberofplacesinvestigatedissmall,andtheregionalvocabularydata areneithersystematicnorcomprehensive. (ii)becauseitisanancienttext,thereareissuessuchashowthemeaningsofthe wordsincludedintheentriesshouldbeinterpreted,orwhatgeographicalrangesthe areanamesactuallyreferto. Despite these flaws, many have conducted productive studies of old Chinese dialects using Fāngyán as a linguistic resource. I will briefly describe one of these linguisticstudiesinthefollowingsection. 3.StudiesoftheHistoryofWords As described above, Fāngyán offers data regarding regional words used in the Hanperiodandtheirareasofdistribution. 8 Thisalonemakesitanimportantresource forstudiesofthehistoryofwords.however,wewillbeabletoobtainmoreconcrete informationifamapofthechinesedialectsusedinhantimescanbecreatedbasedon Fāngyán. In this section, I will explain in specific terms what kind of information FāngyáncanprovideforstudiesofthehistoryofChinesewords. 8 Asstatedin 2.1ofthispaper,FāngyánactuallyincludesregionalwordsusedbeforetheHanperiod. Therefore,itwouldbetechnicallypreferabletosay thehanperiodandsomepartsofcertainperiods beforethat, butforthesakeofconvenience,iwillmerelysay thehanperiod here. 186

7 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013* ComparisonwiththeMapofModernChineseDialects If the lexical items listed in Fāngyán are mapped by the studies of modern Chinesedialects,comparingthetwomapscanprovideuswithimportantinformation. Here, I would like to use as an example the character from Fāngyán s (Entry 1 of Volume 1), zhì, which means to have a thorough knowledge (of the nature of things). Map1wascreatedbasedonthedataobtainedfromEntry1ofVolume1and showsthechineseregionalwordsusedinthehanperiod. Map 1. Map showing the regional words for the lexical item zhì [*treh] to have a thorough knowledge(ofthenatureofthings) inthehanperiod To my knowledge, no map exists for the same lexical item in modern Chinese dialects.however,thereisamapshowingregionalwordsforthelexicalitemzhīdào ( toknow )(Iwata2012:140H141),whichissemanticallyverysimilartozhì.In thatmap,aregionalwordformthatusesthemorphemexiǎo isalsodistributedin theareacorrespondingtothechǔdialectareaofthehanperiod.althoughthereisa semanticdifferencebetweenmap1andiwata s(2012)dialectmapcreatedbyiwata, itisextremelylikelythatxiǎo,seeninbothofthem,isthesamemorpheme.itcan bethereforepresumedthatxiǎo,whichmeans tohaveathoroughknowledge(of 187

8 TakashiMATSUE thenatureofthings) or toknow, hasexistedinthischǔdialectareafor2,000years sincethehanperiod. We should be able to obtain more information on other lexical items in the future,aswemakefurtherprogressmappingmodernchinesedialects. 3.2UseofGeolinguisticalMethod In 3.1,IusedthemethodofcomparingmapsofChinesedialectsfromtheHan period and of modern Chinese dialects. Now, I would like to examine whether it is possible to analyze the map of Chinese dialects from the Han period using a geolinguisticalmethod. 9 Forexample,let stakealookatmap2,whichshowsdistributionsofthelexical itemài (Entry17,Volume1),whichmeans tocarefor. Inthismap,thewordform jí isdistributedinthewesternareas,qínandjìn,andintheeasternareas,dōngqí andhǎidài.thewordformswǔ andyán aredistributedintheareasbetween them.atfirstglance,itseemsthatthisexhibitswhatjapanesedialectgeographerscall ABAdistribution (i.e.,jí isa,andwǔ andyán areb;seeiwata(2010:20h21; 31H33).Ifthisistrue,itcanbepresumedthatjí isrelativelyolderthanwǔ and yán. Unfortunately,however,itisdifficulttodeterminethatitisanABAdistribution basedonmap2becausethedatainfāngyánarenotallhencompassing.infact,map2 doesnotcontaindatafortheareasnorthoftheyellowriver.ifjí weredistributed intheareasnorthoftheyellowriver,andifthedistributionsofjí inthewestandin theeastwereconnected,anabadistributionwouldnotapplytothesewordforms.as just described, due to imperfection of Fāngyán as a linguistic resource, even if we apply a geolinguistical method to dialect maps created based on Fāngyán, its effects are limited. Nonetheless, even if we cannot definitively determine the actual distributions, we can still use geolinguistical evidence to identify and rule out 9 Serruys(1959)hasalsoconductedageolinguisticalstudyofFāngyán. 188

9 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 possibilities, and to this extent, geolinguistical research has an important supplementaryroletoplay. Map2.Dialectmapofthelexicalitemài ( tocarefor )inthehanperiod 3.3ComparisonwithWordsofMinorityLanguages SomeofthewordsincludedinFāngyándonothaveaChinesecharacteroftheir own, which means that these words appear in no or very few ancient Chinese texts except for Fāngyán. These words are Chinese slang words or the words of minority languages.thefactthatthesewordsarerecordedinfāngyán,whichwascompleted approximately 2,000 years ago, is extremely important in considering the history of slangwordsandthewordsofminoritylanguages. InFāngyán,YángXióngusedtwomethodstodescribewordformsthatdidnot haveachinesecharacteroftheirown.oneinvolvedapplyingacharacterusedtowrite anotherwordformasaphonogram;theotherentailedcreatinganewcharacter.let meintroduceanexampleoftheformermethod. Fāngyán s(entry1ofvolume8)givesustheinformationthat,forthelexicalitem hǔ tiger,thecharacterlǐfù [*rəʔpaʔ](or[*rəʔbaʔ])isusedinareassuchas Chén,Wèi,Sòng,andChǔ,andlǐěr [*rəʔnəʔ]isusedinareassuchasjiānghuái 189

10 TakashiMATSUE andnánchǔ. 10 TheChinesecharacterssuchas,, usedinthisentrydonot represent the words that they normally do. Here, they are used as phonograms to describemorphemeshavingthesamesounds(orsimilarsounds).accordingtozhāng (1988), li means tiger, lipa means male tiger, and lini means female tiger in the Tujialanguage.Thisimpliesthatlǐfù andlǐěr seeninvolume8offāngyán representsomewordsofancientminoritylanguageswhichareetymologicallyrelated tothelipaandlinioftoday stujia. 11 Asshownabove,studiesonFāngyáncanofferinsightsintothehistoricalcontent of Chinese minority languages and popular slang from 2000 years ago items not typicallyfoundintexts aswellthegeographicareasacrosswhichthosewordswere distributed.fāngyánincludesquiteanumberoftheserarelyencounteredwords. 4.StudiesofLinguisticDistancesbetweenAreas 4.1DiscussionofDemarcation Next, I will introduce studies that have statistically analyzed the distribution of lexical items in ancient China and examined the linguistic distances between demarcatedareas. Among these studies, the most widely discussed subject may be demarcation based on Fāngyán. The earliest of these is a study by Lín (1927), who proposes a demarcationintofourteendialectareas.followingisasummaryofthemethodthathe usedtocometothatconclusion: (1)EachareanameappearinginFāngyánwillberegardedasoneunit.Whenthe same regional words are frequently distributed in Area A and Area B, it will be regardedasaphenomenonthatindicatesthataandbarelinguisticallyproximate. (2)Whenanareahasmanyregionalwordsthataredistributedonlyinthatarea, 10 SeeMap3fortheactualgeographicalrangesoftheareas. 11 Although the difference between li pa and li ni used in today s Tujia language is a malehfemale distinction, the difference between lǐfù and lǐěr is regarded as a regional one. How to interpretthisdiscrepancyremainsanissue. 190

11 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 itwillberegardedasaphenomenonthatindicatesthattheareaislinguisticallydistant fromadjacentareas. Since then, many researchers, including Serruys (1959) and Liú (1992), have proposedtheirowndemarcationtheories. 12 Theirstudiesadherefundamentallytothe method used by Lín (1927). However, some have further discussed cultural and historicalelements. Therearesomestudiesthathaveattemptedtoclarifythedifferencesbetween dialects soundsystemsbasedonsuchdemarcationtheories.forexample,fāngyán s (Entry12ofVolume11)talksaboutthelexicalitemyíng fly, anditsaysthatyáng isusedindōngqíasawordformthatcorrespondstothestandardformyíng usedintheareassuchaschén,chǔ,qín,andjìn.thecharacter isevidentlyused as a phonogram. Yíng [*ləŋ] and yáng [*jaŋ] were probably recognized as different word forms because the sound systems were quite different between the dialects,eventhoughtheywereoriginallythesameword.basedonthis,dīng(1991: 87) believes that a syllable with the final 13 [*Həŋ] used in the standard language sometimeschangedto[*hiɑŋ]inthedialectareathatincludeddōngqí(i.e.,thehǎidài dialectarea). 14 Dīng s(1991)studyisanextremelymeaningfulone.however, every wordhasitsownhistory,asiswellknown.therefore,thereissomepossibilitythat the above is a phenomenon only seen with the lexical item yíng, and that it has nothing to do with the differences among dialects sound systems between the dialects. 4.2Matsue scalculationofdistancesbetweendialects As stated above, many researchers have proposed their own theories on the demarcation of dialects. However, the second element of Lin s (1927) method, 12 Followingaretheproposedsixdivisions:(1)Westerndialects,(2)Centraldialects,(3)Northernand Northeasterndialects,(4)Easterndialects,(5)Southeasterndialects,(6)Southerndialects.(2)Central dialectsarefurtherdividedintotwosubgroups,and(6)southerndialectsintothreesubgroups. 13 Final is one of the components that form a Chinese syllable and refers to the remaining part of a syllableafterexcludingtheinitialconsonant. 14 OpinionsinDīng(1991)arebasedonthepresumedsoundsthathehimselfreconstructed,whichare differentfromthepresumedsoundsofschuessler(2009)usedinthispaper. 191

12 TakashiMATSUE explained above in 4.1, is problematic. When some regional words are distributed onlyinacertainarea,asexplainedin(2),therearetwotheoreticallypossiblecases:a caseinwhichanisoglossexistsbetweentheareaandtheadjacentareas,andacasein which no isogloss exists. Only the former should be used as an index of linguistic remoteness.todistinguishbetweentheformerandthelatter,itisnecessarytocreate amapforeachlexicalitem. Matsue(1999)presentedacollectionofmapsforeachentry.Thesearethemaps thatshowthedistributionsofregionalwordsforbasicallyeverylexicalitemalthough therearesomeincompletionsbecausesemanticinterpretationsoftheentriesarenot included and the sounds of the regional words are not reconstructed. 15 These have enabledustoestimatethelocationsoftheisoglossesforeachlexicaliteminthehanh period dialects and calculate the linguistic distances between them by quantitatively analyzingtheisoglossesbetweentheareas. InMatsue(2006),thelinguisticrelationshipsoftheareasdescribedinFāngyán withadjacentareasweremeasuredusingthefollowingtwoindexes,withreferenceto themapscreatedinmatsue(1999). (1)Indexα:Frequencyoftheborderoftwoadjacentareasoverlappingwiththe isoglossofregionalwords(i.e.,linguisticdiscontinuity). (2) Index β: Frequency of the same regional words being distributed over the borderoftwoadjacentregions;thatisfrequencyofbeingabletodeterminethatthe borderofthetwoareasdoesnotoverlapwiththeisoglossoftheregionalwords(i.e., linguisticcontinuity). TheresultsareshownbelowinMap3,wherecurvedlinesseparatingtwoareas indicatethatthevalueofαbetweenthetwoareasishigh(10pointsorhigher),which meansthatlinguisticdiscontinuityisstrong.arrowsconnectingtwoareasindicatethat the value of β is high(10 points or higher), which means that linguistic continuity is strong. The thick line indicates that linguistic discontinuity is extremely strong, whereasthethickarrowindicatesthatlinguisticcontinuityisextremelystrong Technicallyspeaking,someoftheentriesincludetwoormorelexicalitems,orviceversa.However, thiswillnotbediscussedinthispaper. 16 SeeMatsue(2006)forspecificvaluesofαandβ. 192

13 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 Wèi Běiyān Yellow River Dài Yān Zhào Qí Qín Jìn Lǔ Sòng Hǎidài Dōngqí Hán Chén Huai River Chǔ Jiānghuái Yangtze River Zhèng Nánchǔ Map3.LinguisticdiscontinuityandcontinuitybetweenareasduringtheHanperiod Map3canbeinterpretedfromvariousperspectives.Inthispaper,Iwouldliketo pointoutthefollowingthreenotablecharacteristics: (i) There is a noticeable southhnorth contrast in modern Chinese dialects. However,itisevidentfromMap3thattheeastHwestcontrastismorenoticeableinold Chinesedialects.Forexample,inareasbetweentheYellowRiverandtheHuaiRiver, thereareeasthwestcontrastsinseveralseparateblocks,asseenbetween(1)qínand Jìn,(2)HánandZhèng,(3)WèiandSòng,and(4)DōngqíandHǎidài. 17 (ii) Modern Chinese dialects have a largehscale bundle of isoglosses along the Yangtze River and the Huai River(see Iwata 2010b, etc.), whereas no such bundle is 17 Ōnishi (2003) points out that the old Chinese dialects also have an easthwest contrast in terms of grammar. 193

14 TakashiMATSUE clearly shown in Map 3. However, there is a certain level of linguistic discontinuity between Hǎidài and Jiānghuái, and there is also linguistic discontinuity between Chǔ and Nánchǔ, indicating the possibility that these may be the beginnings of the isoglosseslaterknownasthehuairiverlineandyangtzeriverline,respectively. (iii) Uniqueness of the Chǔ dialect area (Chǔ and Chén) was emphasized with demarcationsdiscussedinthepreviousstudies.thisiscertainlycorrectbecausethere isindeedextremelystronglinguisticdiscontinuitybetweenchǔandqín.ontheother hand,however,thereisalsoacertainleveloflinguisticcontinuityfromchǔtochén, Sòng,Lǔ,andQí.Apparently,Chǔhadlinguisticconnectionswiththeareastoitsnorth. 4.3PresumptionofDynamics:PresumedPossibilityofMutualInfluencesbetweenAreas In 4.2,IdiscussedthesynchronicsituationoftheChinesedialectsoftheHan period.however,insomecases,diachronicchangescanbepresumedfromthedialect mapscreatedbasedonfāngyán.iwillintroduceconcreteexamplesinthissection. When looking at the three areas Jiānghuái, Chǔ, and Nánchǔ in Map 3, we can seethatthereisstronglinguisticdiscontinuitybetweenchǔandnánchǔ,butthereis stronglinguisticcontinuitybetweenjiānghuáiandchǔandalsobetweenjiānghuáiand Nánchǔ.Superficially,theseseemtobelogicallycontradictory. However,whenpayingattentiontothedatafromeachlexicalitem,wecantell that the above phenomena are not logically contradictory. To explain in concrete terms: (1)WhenthesamewordisdistributedinJiānghuáiandNánchǔ,eitherthereis nodataregardingchǔ,oranotherwordisdistributedthere; (2) When the same word is distributed in Jiānghuái and Chǔ, either there is no dataregardingnánchǔ,oranotherwordisdistributedthere. Isuggestthat(1)and(2)reflectdifferentlanguagelayers,and,assumingthisis true, the above phenomena can be understood with no logical contradictions. From thehistoricalfactthatchǔexpandeditsinfluencetothenorthduringtheeasternzhou period, and from the descriptions in ancient Chinese texts, it can be speculated that Chǔ and Nánchǔ had a close relationship from the beginning. Based on such 194

15 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 observation,isuggestthattherelationshipbetweenjiānghuái,nánchǔ,andchǔwent throughthefollowingprocess. (i)firstphase:jiānghuái,chǔ,andnánchǔwerealllinguisticallyproximate. (ii) Second Phase: Chǔ expanded its influence to the northeast, generating dialectalcontactswiththeareasinthenortheast,resultingintheabsorptionofalarge numberofnewwordsfromthenorthernareas.asaresult,itslinguisticdistancewith JiānghuáiandNánchǔbecameremote. (iii)thirdphase:chǔalsoexpandeditsinfluencetotheeastandgavenewwords tojiānghuái.asaresult,itslinguisticdistancewithjiānghuáibecameproximateagain. I therefore propose that the regional words common to Jiānghuái and Nánchǔ belongprimarily to the old layer (first phase), and the regional words common to Jiānghuái and Chǔ belong to the new layer (third phase). The above is just one hypothesis,andfurtherscrutinyintothesequestionsisnecessary.however,questions liketheseareimportantones,andasthesekindsofstudiesaccumulateinthefuture, wemaybeabletoobtainagreatwealthofinformationfromfāngyán. 6.Conclusion- In this paper, I introduced Fāngyán and reviewed studies of proto Chinese languagesconductedbasedonit.itisexpectedthattherewillbemajoradvancements instudiesoflexicalhistoryaswellasoflinguisticdistancesbetweenareas.thesewill depend, of course, on further developments and modifications of the original maps created in Matsue (1999), including phonological reconstructions and semantic interpretationsoftheentries. 195

16 TakashiMATSUE References DÀI, Zhèn (ca.1777) Fāngyánshūzhèng [Interpretations of Fāngyán and Examples],inDàiZhènquánjí (vol.5),beijing:qinghuadaxuechubanshe,2304h DĪNG, Qǐzhèn (1991) Qínhànfāngyán Chinese Dialects of the QinHHan Period],Beijing:Dogfangchubanshe. ENDŌ,Mitsuaki (1998) CóngbiānjíshǐdejiǎodùpōuxīYángXióngfāngyán Analyzing Fāngyán Written by Yáng Xióng Using the Method of Redaction Criticism, in Yǔwénxiéyīng*qìngzhùtán* gzuòfānjiàoshòuqīshíshòuchénxuéshùlùnwénji,beijig:beijigdaxuechubanshe,153h264. HUÁ,Xuéchéng (eds.)(2006)yángxióngfāngyánjiàoshìhuìzhèng A Compilation of Revisions to Fāngyán and Its Interpretations], Beijing: Zhonghuashuju. IWATA,Ray (2010a)TheinterpretativemapsofChinesedialects,Tokyo:Hakuteisha. IWATA, Ray (2010b) Chinese geolinguistics: History, current trend and theoretical issues, Dialectologia, Special issue, I, 97H121 < IWATA, Ray (2012) The interpretative maps of Chinese dialects (Vol. 2), Tokyo: Hakuteisha. KARLGEN, Bernhard (1957) Grammata Serica Recensa, Reprinted from Bulletin of Far Eastern Antiquities,23:1H332. LÍN, Yǔtáng (1927) Qiánhànfāngyīnqūyùkǎo Studies of Chinese DialectAreasintheFormerHanPeriod,inYǔyánxuélùncóng (1933), Shanghai:Kaimingshudian,16H44. LIÚ, Jūnhuì (eds.) (1992) Yáng Xióngfāngyányánjiū Studies of Fāngyán],Chengdu:bashushushe. MATSUE, Takashi (1999) Yoyuhogenchikujotchizushu A CollectionofMapsCreatedBasedonEachArticleofFāngyán,ProgressReport, Vol. 4, Project No , 1997H1999, GrantHinHAid for Scientific Research (A), TheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture,Japan. 196

17 Dialectologia.Special-issue,-IV-(2013),181*197. ISSN:2013*2247 MATSUE, Takashi (2006) Hàndàifāngyánzhōngg de tóngyánxianshù* yětángēnjùfāngyán de fāngyánqūhuàlùn Isogloss in the Han erahwith discussion of the dialect demarcationaccordingtofāngyán],inhhuáxuéchéng(eds.),1509h1533. ŌNISHI,Katsuya (2003) KodaikangoniokeruchiiikitekisaitosogokoryuH QinChunoH shutudosiryowochushinni Regional Differences and Interactions Seen in Old Chinese WithaFocusonLiteratureWrittenduringtheQínHHànPeriod,Choko* ryuikibunkakenkyujonenpo,vol.2,83h103. SATŌ, Susumu (1998) Yoyu Hogen kenkyudoron An IntroductiontoStudiesofFāngyán,in Gendaichuugokugakuhenoshiza(shinshiH norojigengohen), Tokyo: TohoH shoten,123h144. SATŌ, Susumu (2000) Taishin Hogensosho kanichiyakuchu TranslationsofFāngyánshūzhèng,volume1andAnnotations ProgressReport, Vol. 6, Project No , 1997H1999, GrantHinHAid for Scientific Research (A), TheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture,Japan,19H86. SERRUYS,PaulL.HM.(1959)TheChineseDialectsofHanTimeAccordingtoFangYen,Berkeley: UniversityofCaliforniaPress. SCHUESSLER, Axel (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese (A Companion to GrammataSericaRecensa),Honolulu:UniversityofHawaiiPress. ZHĀNG,Yǒngyán (1988) Cíyuántànsuǒsānlì AnEtymologicalStudyof Three Words, Zhōngguóyǔyánxuébào 3, in Yǔwénxuélùnjí (zēngbǔběn) (1999),Beijing:YuwenchuHbanshe,262H284. ZHŌU,Zǔmó (1993)Fāngyánjiàojiān [RevisionstoFāngyánandAnnotations], Beijing:Zhonghuashuju. 197

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