Chapter 1. Using Resources for Vocabulary Development 1. Chapter 2. Writing about Increases and Decreases 24

Transcription

1 Introduction x Chapter 1. Using Resources for Vocabulary Development Characteristics of a Word Resource: Learner Dictionaries Resource: Collocations Dictionaries Resource: Online Concordancers 17 Part 1. Showing Relationships within Sentences 23 Chapter 2. Writing about Increases and Decreases Verbs Expressing Increases and Decreases 24 Raising Language Awareness 24 Building Your Knowledge 26 Using Verbs to Express Changes in Amount, Size, 27 Quality, and Intensity Using Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Appropriately 29 Using Verbs to Describe Graphic Data 35 More on Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Modifiers Expressing Increases and Decreases 39 Raising Language Awareness 39 Building Your Knowledge 40 Modifying Verbs 40 Modifying Nouns That Express Increases or Decreases 43 Using Change-of-State Modifiers with Nouns 49 v

2 vi Chapter 3. Writing about Other Types of Change 51 Raising Language Awareness Verbs Expressing Change in Form or Behavior 54 Raising Language Awareness 54 Building Your Knowledge 55 Convert/Transform + Noun Phrase + into + Noun Phrase 58 Vary + Noun Phrase + Preposition + Noun Phrase Verbs Expressing Positive and Negative Changes 62 Raising Language Awareness 62 Building Your Knowledge 63 Using Verbs That Express Changes for Positive, Neutral, 63 or Negative Conditions, Processes, or Activities Using Verbs That Express Intensifying or Lessening 67 of Negative Conditions or Situations 3.3 Abstract Nouns Derived from Verbs Expressing Change 70 Building Your Knowledge 70 Chapter 4. Writing about Causal Relationships: Connectors 74 and Abstract Nouns Raising Language Awareness Using Connectors and Abstract Nouns 76 Building Your Knowledge 76 Forming Abstract Noun Phrases 76 Using Connectors with Abstract Noun Phrases Modifying Abstract Noun Phrases 81 Building Your Knowledge 81 Describing Abstract Nouns 84 Adding Prepositions Punctuating Causal Phrases 88 Building Your Knowledge 88

3 vii Chapter 5. Writing about Causal Relationships: Verbs 90 Raising Language Awareness Using Verbs That Introduce Reasons or Causes 92 Building Your Knowledge Using Verbs That Introduce Results or Effects 94 Building Your Knowledge Using Verbs that Express How a Result Can 98 Be Minimized Building Your Knowledge Crafting Sentences with Causal Verbs and Abstract 103 Noun Phrases Building Your Knowledge 103 Chapter 6. Creating Balance and Emphasis with Parallel Structures Using Parallel Structures 109 Raising Language Awareness 110 Building Your Knowledge 113 Purposes and Types of Parallel Structures Recognizing Words That Introduce Parallel Structures 116 Raising Language Awareness 116 Building Your Knowledge 118 Checking for Faulty Parallelism Emphasizing Ideas with Correlative Conjunctions 126 Raising Language Awareness 126 Building Your Knowledge 128 Subject-Verb Inversion with not only... (but) also 128

4 viii Part 2. Connecting and Focusing across Sentences 132 Chapter 7. Creating Cohesion with Word Forms and Reference 133 Words and Phrases Raising Language Awareness Using Word Forms to Connect Ideas 136 Raising Language Awareness 136 Building Your Knowledge Using Reference Forms 139 Raising Language Awareness 139 Building Your Knowledge 141 Using Reference Forms to Connect and Focus 141 Using such vs. Demonstrative Determiners to Connect Ideas 143 Checking Verb Agreement with Long Subjects 147 Using Comparative Reference Forms Using Reference Forms with the Passive 154 Raising Language Awareness 154 Building Your Knowledge 156 Chapter 8. Creating Cohesion with Topic Introducers and Logical 159 Connectors Raising Language Awareness Using Topic Introducers with Reference Forms 162 to Connect Ideas Building Your Knowledge Using Logical Connectors with Reference Forms 167 to Connect Ideas Building Your Knowledge 167 Using Logical Connectors to Express Differences 170

5 ix Part 3. Qualifying Ideas and Reporting Research 174 Chapter 9. Expressing Degrees of Certainty and Accuracy 175 Raising Language Awareness 175 Building Your Knowledge 178 Using Modal Verbs 178 Using Adjectives of Probability 181 Modifying Probability Adjectives with Highly 183 Using Adverbs of Probability 186 Using Verbs of Uncertainty 188 Using Frequency Adverbs 191 Expressing Normal or Usual Patterns 192 Adding Hedges 195 Chapter 10. Using Reporting Verbs 196 Raising Language Awareness 197 Building Your Knowledge 200 Reporting on an Author s Strength of Claim 200 and Emphasis Using Reporting Verbs with Inanimate Subjects 206 Learning the Grammar of Reporting Verbs 207 Using Complements after Reporting Verbs of Advice 210 Appendix: Classifier Nouns 215