Phonemics Practice ANSWERS Sayers, LIN [m] [m ] [n] [n ] # u a # # e a # e je r # o d o # # d

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1 Phonemics Practice ANSWERS Sayers, LIN 3201 The four nasal phones are [m], [m ], [n] and [n ]. When analyzing the data, we find the following distributions: [m] [m ] [n] [n ] # u a # # e a # e je r # o d o # # d Based on this distribution, it appears that [m] and [m ] belong to the same phoneme /m/, and [n] and [n ] belong to the same phoneme /n/. Both sets of sounds are found in complementary distribution with one another. The distribution is: /m/ /n/ [m ] # [n ] # [m] elsewhere [n] elsewhere This pattern of allophonic distribution illustrates an example of the assimilation, of voicing state to ending of phonation with word boundary. Furthermore, the evidence of the [l ] helps support this evidence by nature of structural symmetry here, a voiced sound is realized as voiceless word finally, as well. Kongo

2 For this next problem, coronal obstruents = sounds in the center of the mouth (alveolar, alveopalatal) that obstruct air (stops, fricatives, affricates). Consider the voiceless alveolar stop, the voiced and voiceless alveolar fricatives, the voiceless alveopalatal affricate and the voiceless alveopalatal fricatives. The suspicious phones in question are the phones [t], [s], [z], [ ], [ ] and [t ]. When listing the environments, we find the following distribution: [t] [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [t ] # o e o # e o i # i # i e u a u n w a i # a n e e u There appears to be a general distinction of the alveopalatal sounds occurring before [i] and the alveolar sounds occurring elsewhere. Examining the data further, we find that [t] and [z] occur in analogous environments, while [ ] and [t ] also occur in analogous environments. (see blue) [t] [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [t ] # o e o # e o i # i # i e u a u n w a i # a n e e u This evidence suggests that [t] and [z], as well as [ ] and [t ], should belong to different phonemes. So here s what we have to help us decide which phones are allophones of the same phoneme, or how to group these phones together. [t] and [z], as well as [ ] and [t ], must belong to different phonemes. This suggests that place of articulation is phonemic.

3 We have a three way contrast with alveolars and a three way contrast with alveopalatals. This suggests structural symmetry. The alveopalatal phones are all palatalized versions of the alveolar phones. Grouping the aveolpalatal sounds as allophones of alveolar phonemes before [i] illustrates strong structural symmetry and displays a general phonological process, palatalization (assimilation). Given this analysis, the distribution is: There are three phonemes in the data: /t/ /s/ /z/ [t ] i [ ] i [ ] i [t] elsewhere [s] elsewhere [z] elsewhere The aforementioned sets of allophones are found in complementary distribution and thus belong to the same phoneme. The phonological process of assimilation specifically, palatalization is motivation for the allophonic variation. The alveolars are realized as palatalized before the vowel [i]. French Which vowels belong to different phonemes? How many vowel phonemes do you have? What phonetic characteristics are used distinctively in the French vowel system?

4 In the data above, we find multiple sets of minimal pairs the minimal quadruplet of ; then the minimal pair of 5 6; lastly, the minimal pair 7 8. This shows first that [o], [u], [y] and [ø] belong to different phonemes. (i.e. height appears to be contrastive; backness appears contrastive) Then, it shows that [i] and [y] belong to different phonemes. (i.e. rounding in contrastive) Lastly, it shows that [e] and [ø] belong to different phonemes. (i.e. rounding in contrastive) All three vowel parameters are contrastive. This shows that we have 6 allophones of 6 vowel phonemes, as phones found in minimal pairs belong to separate phonemes. Distribution: /o/ /i/ /e/ /u/ /ø/ /y/ [o] [i] [e] [u] [ø] [y] Phonetic characteristics used as distinctive: rounding ([e] vs [ø]; [i] vs [y]) height ([i] vs [e]; [u] vs. [o]) backness ([i] and [y] vs. [u]; [e] and [ø] vs. [o] Structural Symmetry: /i/ /y/ /u/ /e/ /ø/ /o/ Both front phonemes contrast in rounding; same corresponding height as back phonemes.

5 The distribution of the two sounds is: [l] o a # w(a) u i o u # y # u u a o e a i o u m # [r] e y i i e i e a i o i a At first, this distribution may look difficult. There may not seem to be clear complementary distribution, but there are also no minimal pairs, no free variation and no analogous environments. We need to examine the data further. Looking further, we find that the sounds that condition these allophones do NOT appear to be the sounds that follow each phone, as both phones are followed by [i], [y] and [a]. The sounds that do appear distinct are the phones before [l] and [r]. Looking at those phones, we find: [l] # o, u, a m [r] e, i

6 This type of distribution is fairly common. In many languages, [e] and [i] are palatalizing vowels. Our distribution is thus that [l] and [r] belong to the same phoneme as they are found in complementary distribution. /l/ [r] following front vowels [l] elsewhere *Note: Some of you may have written that [r] follows [e] and [i]; this is also acceptable. Please note that [a] is much more of a central vowel than a front one, so although it is considered front on the IPA, it often does not fall into the same types of conditioning s [i] and [e] and is usually more central when used in actual languages. You will see that if you produce [i] then [e] then [a], that the first two are produced with the same degree of frontness, while your tongue slides back for [a]. Accounting for loanwords: These words fall directly into our predicted phonemic pattern. [leerwe] First /l/ word initial, would be realized as [l] Medial /l/ between [e] and [w(e)] following front vowel, realized as [r] [luula] First /l/ word initial, would be realized as [l] Medial /l/ between [u] and [a] following back vowel, realized as [l]

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