A summary of Clause as message by Halliday M. A. K.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "A summary of Clause as message by Halliday M. A. K."

Transcription

1 A summary of Clause as message by Halliday M. A. K. 3.1 Theme and Rheme A clause is a unit in which three meanings are combined to produce a single wording. We'll start looking at them by the meaning that gives the clause its message character: thematic structure. In all languages clauses constitute messages and make themselves recognizable as such by granting a distinct status to the thematic structure. In English this is achieved through word order: it is placed first and, following the terminology of the Prague School, we call it Theme. It is the starting point for messages, and the rest of the message is used to develop it, this is what we call Rheme. A clause, therefore, consists of Theme and Rheme. Themes set the scene for the clause and position it in relation to the text. The speaker, then, selects the desired Theme depending on his or her preference (+ indicates the boundary between Theme and Rheme): The duke + has given my aunt that teapot My aunt + has been given that teapot by the duke That teapot + the duke has given to my aunt Of course, a Theme must not necessarily consist of a nominal group. As a kick-off, we may say the Theme is the first group with a function in the structure of the clause, and that the most common one is that of a participant realized by a nominal group. Sometimes these are focused on by announcing them with a formula like with regard to, as for, or about... Themes may also be marked through intonation when they re realized by adverbial groups, or when the nominal group is not the object, or any time when word order is unexpected. 3.2 Group or phrase complexes as Theme; thematic equatives So far we made two assumptions: themes consist of only one structural element, and that element is represented by just one unit or group. Actually, structural elements can be formed with a complex of two or more groups like: The Walrus and the Carpenter + were walking close at hand On the ground or in the air + small creatures live and breathe Still, these Themes are simple because they constitute a single element in the clause. There is a special thematic resource whereby different structures are grouped into one Theme + Rheme structure: thematic equatives. In these, all elements of the clause are grouped into two constituents, linked by an 'equals sign' realized by verb be: What the duke gave to my aunt was,= that teapot The one who gave my aunt that teapot was,= the duke The first example represents the feature of nominalization, a group of elements is made to function as a nominal group in the clause. In the examples, nominalizations act as Themes. As usual in language, there is also a marked form in which nominalization goes last and becomes Rheme: That is,= the one I like

2 A thematic equative (or pseudo-cleft) is a clause with a thematic nominalization in it, and expresses the Theme-Rheme structure so as the Theme can consist of any set of elements. It identifies (specifies) what the Theme is and identifies (equates) it with the Rheme. 3.3 Theme and mood Mood determines the elements typically chosen as Theme in English clauses. Clauses can be imperative or indicative in mood; the latter can be declarative or interrogative, and these yes/nointerrogatives or WH-interrogatives Theme in declarative clauses The typical pattern is a Theme = Subject structure: the unmarked Theme. Most often this is realized by personal pronoun I; then come the rest of pronouns you, we, he, she, it and they; the most usual after that are impersonal pronouns it and there; last come other nominal groups with common or proper nouns as head, and nominalizations. A Theme which is not subject we call marked Theme: adverbial groups, prepositional phrases (Today, at night...) or any elements functioning as Adjunct. The most marked Theme in declaratives is a Complement: a nominal element which could have, but has not, been selected as subject, and that has been foregrounded to Theme position: This responsibility we accept wholly That I could do without A special case of thematic structure is that of exclamatives, they normally have a WH-element as Theme: How dreadful she sounds! Theme in interrogative clauses The typical function of interrogatives is requesting information, either through the indication of polarity 'yes/no', or expecting the hearer to come back with some piece of information depending on the thematic element chosen: who means the speaker expects to hear a person's name, when a point in time, and so on. This mechanism has become part of the English language system: Who + wants a glass of white wine? Where + did you get that from? Theme in imperative clauses The basic meaning of imperatives is giving commands or advice. The subject can be made explicit, but since that is not usual, doing so would render a marked sentence; curiously enough, the predicator is here the unmarked Theme: You + keep quiet! (marked) As for you + keep quiet! (marked) Keep + quiet! (marked)

3 In negative imperatives, the unmarked element is don't plus any element, and expressing a subject renders a marked form: Don't argue + with me (u) Don't you + argue with me (m) Imperatives are the only type of clause where the predicator is regularly the unmarked Theme. Mood of clause Typical 'unmarked' Theme declarative nominal group functioning as subject interrogative 'yes/no' 1 st word of verbal group and nominal group as subject interrogative 'WH-' interrogative wh-element imperative 'you' predicator and preceding don't if negative imperative 'you and me' let's d preceding don't if negative exclamative nominal or adverbial group functioning as exclamative wh-element If other element comes first, we are making a marked choice of Theme. In these cases the speaker may want to express some kind of special setting for the clause or provide it with a feature of contrast. 3.4 Textual, interpersonal and topical themes The clause construes an expression of human experience: processes, participants and circumstances. Themes contain one and only one of these elements, so the Theme of a clause ends with the first constituent belonging to those categories, which is called topical Theme. There may be other elements in the clause preceding the topical Theme which, in any case, play no experiential role, and normally no more than one or two of them occur. To illustrate multiple themes with several elements we ll use an example: well but then surely Jean wouldn t the best idea be to join in. 1. Well, textual, continuative. Signals a move in discourse or a transition in the same speaker s turn. 2. but, textual, conjunction. Links or subordinates two clauses. 3. then, textual, conjunctive Adjunct. Adverbial or Prepositional groups that relate the clause to previous text. 4. surely, interpersonal, modal comment Adjunct. Expressions of the speaker s judgment on the content of the message. 5. Jean, interpersonal, vocative. Typically personal names used to address. 6. wouldn t, interpersonal, Finite verbal operator. Auxiliary verbs that construe tense and modality; also typical unmarked Themes of yes/no interrogatives. Among these categories, the first two are inherently thematic and, if they appear, they do so at the beginning of the clause. The rest can appear in any position. All these elements are typically thematic because that s the natural way to express ideas. If the speaker wants to establish the clause in a setting (textual function) or explain his attitude to it (interpersonal), such expressions are the natural way to set up the expression: let me tell you how this fits in or let me tell you what I think about this. The variations in word order inside clauses can be accounted for the following way:

4 Initial position in the English clause is meaningful: it has a Thematic function. Certain textual elements orient the caluse logically or rhetorically; they are inherently thematic. Other textual and interpersonal elements are used to relate semantically the clause with preceding text or to express the speaker s angle; they are characteristically thematic. Another characteristically thematic category is wh-elements (also in subordinates); they are definite or indefinite (what/whatever; where/wherever ) All deictic elements are typically thematic; this also applies to groups. The Theme-Rheme structure is not a clearly cut configuration of constituents, but a movement running through the clause. Another feature which creates clearer boundaries between constituents is that of information. 3.5 The information unit: Given and New Textual resources to create discourse are of two kinds: structural and cohesive. Grammar provides structural units up to the rank of the clause complex. From there on semantics provides other nonstructural resources for creating links that work equally within or across sentences. These are called collectively cohesion. Among structural means we have two systems working: Theme, which construes messages in the form of Theme + Rheme; and Information, which does not belong to the clause but to the information unit, a unit parallel to the clause and the rest of its rank scale. Since it is parallel, it is length-variable and may extend over more than one or less than one clause; in unmarked cases, it is co-extensive. Information is the tension between what is already known or predictable and what is new or unpredictable. Therefore, the information unit is made up of two functions: the New and the Given. In the idealized form, each unit consists of a Given element followed by a New one, but discourse has to start somewhere, so sometimes we have initiating elements that are completely New. Also, Given elements tend to be phoric, i.e.: they point to some other element in discourse. So basically information units have a New element plus an optional Given one. This structure is realized naturally, i.e. non-arbitrarily: Each information unit is realized as a tone which may be falling, rising or mixed, and extends over the whole tone group. In this tone group, a foot carries the main pitch movement, which is known as tonic prominence, a feature that marks the information focus. The tonic foot defines the culmination of what is New, the end of the New element. Typically, this is the last functional element of the clause, therefore common units are ordered as Given + New. The unmarked position for New is at the end of the unit, but we may also find Given after the tonic foot, a case that would be called marked information focus. A number of elements in language is inherently Given, such as anaphoric and deictic elements, which can only be retrieved from the situation where they appear. They don t normally carry information focus, and when they do, it is contrastive: You can go if you like // I m not going

5 3.6 Given + New and Theme + Rheme Both the Information and Thematic systems are semantically very closely related. When they are unmarked, the units of both systems are co-extensive with each other, i.e.: the Theme corresponds with Given information and the Rheme with New information. Even though they are related, these systems are not the same thing: the Theme is what the speaker chooses as point of departure, whereas Given is what the hearer knows or has available. Theme + Rheme is speaker-oriented and Given + New is hearer-oriented. Both are, in any case, speaker-selected, which means the speaker relies on a rich verbal and non-verbal environment upon which he or she builds up what is to follow, and this often leads away from the univocal one-to-one relationship of Theme/Given + Rheme/New. 3.7 Predicated Themes Theme predication is a special case of organization of the clause as a message because it involves choices regarding both thematic and informational systems. Any element with a representational function in the clause can be marked off by predication: It was Jane that started it It wasn t the job that was getting me down It was eight years ago that you gave up smoking This system identifies one element as exclusive at a point in the clause. Basically it relies on equatives, but it features some differences as well. The cost of marking parts of the clause is that they become strongly foregrounded information. The mapping of New and Theme gives predicated themes this special flavor. Since tonicity is not reflected in writing, predication also helps to make better interpretations; compare the following: John s father wanted him to give up the violin. His teacher persuaded him to continue. John s father wanted him to give up the violin. It was his teacher who persuaded him to continue. 3.8 Theme in bound, minor and elliptical clauses Although we have considered free clauses so far, thematic structure also has its place in dependent structures, only the speaker has less freedom to choose Theme. In the case of subordinate clauses and even more so in interrogatives, occurrences of Themes are predetermined. However, if the Theme is fixed by grammar, the next item retains some thematic flavor. Consider If winter comes. This clause shows an obligatory, fixed Theme, thus winter can be considered the topical Theme. The significance of these patterns is remarkable because they re a key to the development of a text. And though main contributions come from free clauses, others need to be taken account of Dependent bound clauses Finite. Their structural Theme is typically a conjunction followed by a topical Theme: [I asked] whether / pigs // have wings [He left] because / his work // was done

6 If the bound clause begins with a WH-element, it constitutes the topical Theme because it has a function in the transitivity structure: [I asked] why / pigs // have no wings Non-finite. The scheme may be similar to finite clauses, but many have no structural nor topical Theme, in which case they feature only Rheme: For / that printer // to work off you machine // to avoid delay Embedded bound clauses They function inside nominal groups (for example as defining relatives) and their thematic structure equals that of dependent clauses, so that their contribution to discourse is minimal: The day the dam broke Minor clauses They have no mood nor transitivity structure and are typically calls or greetings: Mary! Good night! Their thematic structure is Ø Elliptical clauses Anaphoric ellipsis. Here part of the clause is presupposed from previous utterances, therefore they re similar to minor clauses: Yes. No. Of course. Exophoric ellipsis. Here there s no presupposition from previous material, but from the situation. They have a thematic structure, but it consists of Rheme only: Thirsty? Are you thirsty? Example text and commentary.

Approaches to control phenomena handout Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque

Approaches to control phenomena handout Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque Approaches to control phenomena handout 6 5.4 Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque Icelandinc quirky case (displaying properties of both structural and inherent case: lexically

More information

Ch VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS.

Ch VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS. Ch VI- SENTENCE PATTERNS faizrisd@gmail.com www.pakfaizal.com It is a common fact that in the making of well-formed sentences we badly need several syntactic devices used to link together words by means

More information

California Department of Education English Language Development Standards for Grade 8

California Department of Education English Language Development Standards for Grade 8 Section 1: Goal, Critical Principles, and Overview Goal: English learners read, analyze, interpret, and create a variety of literary and informational text types. They develop an understanding of how language

More information

Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction

Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction WORD STRESS One or more syllables of a polysyllabic word have greater prominence than the others. Such syllables are said to be accented or stressed. Word stress

More information

Writing a composition

Writing a composition A good composition has three elements: Writing a composition an introduction: A topic sentence which contains the main idea of the paragraph. a body : Supporting sentences that develop the main idea. a

More information

Aspectual Classes of Verb Phrases

Aspectual Classes of Verb Phrases Aspectual Classes of Verb Phrases Current understanding of verb meanings (from Predicate Logic): verbs combine with their arguments to yield the truth conditions of a sentence. With such an understanding

More information

The College Board Redesigned SAT Grade 12

The College Board Redesigned SAT Grade 12 A Correlation of, 2017 To the Redesigned SAT Introduction This document demonstrates how myperspectives English Language Arts meets the Reading, Writing and Language and Essay Domains of Redesigned SAT.

More information

Part I. Figuring out how English works

Part I. Figuring out how English works 9 Part I Figuring out how English works 10 Chapter One Interaction and grammar Grammar focus. Tag questions Introduction. How closely do you pay attention to how English is used around you? For example,

More information

Loughton School s curriculum evening. 28 th February 2017

Loughton School s curriculum evening. 28 th February 2017 Loughton School s curriculum evening 28 th February 2017 Aims of this session Share our approach to teaching writing, reading, SPaG and maths. Share resources, ideas and strategies to support children's

More information

Emmaus Lutheran School English Language Arts Curriculum

Emmaus Lutheran School English Language Arts Curriculum Emmaus Lutheran School English Language Arts Curriculum Rationale based on Scripture God is the Creator of all things, including English Language Arts. Our school is committed to providing students with

More information

AN INTRODUCTION (2 ND ED.) (LONDON, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC PP. VI, 282)

AN INTRODUCTION (2 ND ED.) (LONDON, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC PP. VI, 282) B. PALTRIDGE, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: AN INTRODUCTION (2 ND ED.) (LONDON, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC. 2012. PP. VI, 282) Review by Glenda Shopen _ This book is a revised edition of the author s 2006 introductory

More information

ELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY COMMON WRITING PROJECT. ToolKit

ELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT VOCABULARY COMMON WRITING PROJECT. ToolKit Unit 1 Language Development Express Ideas and Opinions Ask for and Give Information Engage in Discussion ELD CELDT 5 EDGE Level C Curriculum Guide 20132014 Sentences Reflective Essay August 12 th September

More information

a) analyse sentences, so you know what s going on and how to use that information to help you find the answer.

a) analyse sentences, so you know what s going on and how to use that information to help you find the answer. Tip Sheet I m going to show you how to deal with ten of the most typical aspects of English grammar that are tested on the CAE Use of English paper, part 4. Of course, there are many other grammar points

More information

Today we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be

Today we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be Infinitival Clauses Today we examine the distribution of infinitival clauses, which can be a) the subject of a main clause (1) [to vote for oneself] is objectionable (2) It is objectionable to vote for

More information

TAG QUESTIONS" Department of Language and Literature - University of Birmingham

TAG QUESTIONS Department of Language and Literature - University of Birmingham TAG QUESTIONS" DAVID BRAZIL Department of Language and Literature - University of Birmingham The so-called 'tag' structures of English have received a lot of attention in language teaching programmes,

More information

Universal Grammar 2. Universal Grammar 1. Forms and functions 1. Universal Grammar 3. Conceptual and surface structure of complex clauses

Universal Grammar 2. Universal Grammar 1. Forms and functions 1. Universal Grammar 3. Conceptual and surface structure of complex clauses Universal Grammar 1 evidence : 1. crosslinguistic investigation of properties of languages 2. evidence from language acquisition 3. general cognitive abilities 1. Properties can be reflected in a.) structural

More information

Opportunities for Writing Title Key Stage 1 Key Stage 2 Narrative

Opportunities for Writing Title Key Stage 1 Key Stage 2 Narrative English Teaching Cycle The English curriculum at Wardley CE Primary is based upon the National Curriculum. Our English is taught through a text based curriculum as we believe this is the best way to develop

More information

Frequency and pragmatically unmarked word order *

Frequency and pragmatically unmarked word order * Frequency and pragmatically unmarked word order * Matthew S. Dryer SUNY at Buffalo 1. Introduction Discussions of word order in languages with flexible word order in which different word orders are grammatical

More information

Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts

Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts Reading Standards for Literature 6-12 Grade 9-10 Students: 1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. 2.

More information

Basic Syntax. Doug Arnold We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English.

Basic Syntax. Doug Arnold We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English. Basic Syntax Doug Arnold doug@essex.ac.uk We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English. 1 Categories 1.1 Word level (lexical and functional)

More information

Heritage Korean Stage 6 Syllabus Preliminary and HSC Courses

Heritage Korean Stage 6 Syllabus Preliminary and HSC Courses Heritage Korean Stage 6 Syllabus Preliminary and HSC Courses 2010 Board of Studies NSW for and on behalf of the Crown in right of the State of New South Wales This document contains Material prepared by

More information

Linguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers: a Diachronic Multidimensional Analysis

Linguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers: a Diachronic Multidimensional Analysis International Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences (IJAHSS) Volume 1 Issue 1 ǁ August 216. www.ijahss.com Linguistic Variation across Sports Category of Press Reportage from British Newspapers:

More information

Taught Throughout the Year Foundational Skills Reading Writing Language RF.1.2 Demonstrate understanding of spoken words,

Taught Throughout the Year Foundational Skills Reading Writing Language RF.1.2 Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, First Grade Standards These are the standards for what is taught in first grade. It is the expectation that these skills will be reinforced after they have been taught. Taught Throughout the Year Foundational

More information

Theoretical Syntax Winter Answers to practice problems

Theoretical Syntax Winter Answers to practice problems Linguistics 325 Sturman Theoretical Syntax Winter 2017 Answers to practice problems 1. Draw trees for the following English sentences. a. I have not been running in the mornings. 1 b. Joel frequently sings

More information

Realization of Textual Cohesion and Coherence in Business Letters through Presupposition 1

Realization of Textual Cohesion and Coherence in Business Letters through Presupposition 1 Realization of Textual Cohesion and Coherence in Business Letters through Presupposition 1 Yu Chunmei English teacher in Foreign Language Department of Sichuan University of Science& Engineering 180# Xueyuan

More information

LEXICAL COHESION ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICLE WHAT IS A GOOD RESEARCH PROJECT? BY BRIAN PALTRIDGE A JOURNAL ARTICLE

LEXICAL COHESION ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICLE WHAT IS A GOOD RESEARCH PROJECT? BY BRIAN PALTRIDGE A JOURNAL ARTICLE LEXICAL COHESION ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICLE WHAT IS A GOOD RESEARCH PROJECT? BY BRIAN PALTRIDGE A JOURNAL ARTICLE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.)

More information

GERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017

GERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017 GERM 3040 GERMAN GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION SPRING 2017 Instructor: Dr. Claudia Schwabe Class hours: TR 9:00-10:15 p.m. claudia.schwabe@usu.edu Class room: Old Main 301 Office: Old Main 002D Office hours:

More information

Proof Theory for Syntacticians

Proof Theory for Syntacticians Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax

More information

Subject: Opening the American West. What are you teaching? Explorations of Lewis and Clark

Subject: Opening the American West. What are you teaching? Explorations of Lewis and Clark Theme 2: My World & Others (Geography) Grade 5: Lewis and Clark: Opening the American West by Ellen Rodger (U.S. Geography) This 4MAT lesson incorporates activities in the Daily Lesson Guide (DLG) that

More information

Developing Grammar in Context

Developing Grammar in Context Developing Grammar in Context intermediate with answers Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United

More information

Chinese for Beginners CEFR Level: A1

Chinese for Beginners CEFR Level: A1 Chinese for Beginners CEFR Level: A1 Author: Li Chunbo Email: li@ca-institute.com Phone: +420 608 283 819 Signature and stamp: Coordinator: Erik L. Dostal Email: erik@ca-institute.com Phone: +420 776 178

More information

Formulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications

Formulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications Formulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications Formulaic Language Terminology Formulaic sequence One such item Formulaic language Non-count noun referring to these items Phraseology The study

More information

L1 and L2 acquisition. Holger Diessel

L1 and L2 acquisition. Holger Diessel L1 and L2 acquisition Holger Diessel Schedule Comparing L1 and L2 acquisition The role of the native language in L2 acquisition The critical period hypothesis [student presentation] Non-linguistic factors

More information

CAS LX 522 Syntax I. Long-distance wh-movement. Long distance wh-movement. Islands. Islands. Locality. NP Sea. NP Sea

CAS LX 522 Syntax I. Long-distance wh-movement. Long distance wh-movement. Islands. Islands. Locality. NP Sea. NP Sea 19 CAS LX 522 Syntax I wh-movement and locality (9.1-9.3) Long-distance wh-movement What did Hurley say [ CP he was writing ]? This is a question: The highest C has a [Q] (=[clause-type:q]) feature and

More information

Advanced Grammar in Use

Advanced Grammar in Use Advanced Grammar in Use A self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English Third Edition with answers and CD-ROM cambridge university press cambridge, new york, melbourne, madrid,

More information

Adjectives tell you more about a noun (for example: the red dress ).

Adjectives tell you more about a noun (for example: the red dress ). Curriculum Jargon busters Grammar glossary Key: Words in bold are examples. Words underlined are terms you can look up in this glossary. Words in italics are important to the definition. Term Adjective

More information

Case government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG

Case government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG Case government vs Case agreement: modelling Modern Greek case attraction phenomena in LFG Dr. Kakia Chatsiou, University of Essex achats at essex.ac.uk Explorations in Syntactic Government and Subcategorisation,

More information

Iraqi EFL Students' Achievement In The Present Tense And Present Passive Constructions

Iraqi EFL Students' Achievement In The Present Tense And Present Passive Constructions Iraqi EFL Students' Achievement In The Present Tense And Present Passive Constructions Shurooq Abudi Ali University Of Baghdad College Of Arts English Department Abstract The present tense and present

More information

Psychology and Language

Psychology and Language Psychology and Language Psycholinguistics is the study about the casual connection within human being linking experience with speaking and writing, and hearing and reading with further behavior (Robins,

More information

Welcome to the Purdue OWL. Where do I begin? General Strategies. Personalizing Proofreading

Welcome to the Purdue OWL. Where do I begin? General Strategies. Personalizing Proofreading Welcome to the Purdue OWL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. Where do I begin?

More information

Reading Grammar Section and Lesson Writing Chapter and Lesson Identify a purpose for reading W1-LO; W2- LO; W3- LO; W4- LO; W5-

Reading Grammar Section and Lesson Writing Chapter and Lesson Identify a purpose for reading W1-LO; W2- LO; W3- LO; W4- LO; W5- New York Grade 7 Core Performance Indicators Grades 7 8: common to all four ELA standards Throughout grades 7 and 8, students demonstrate the following core performance indicators in the key ideas of reading,

More information

ENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist

ENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Today s agenda Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet

More information

A First-Pass Approach for Evaluating Machine Translation Systems

A First-Pass Approach for Evaluating Machine Translation Systems [Proceedings of the Evaluators Forum, April 21st 24th, 1991, Les Rasses, Vaud, Switzerland; ed. Kirsten Falkedal (Geneva: ISSCO).] A First-Pass Approach for Evaluating Machine Translation Systems Pamela

More information

Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider

Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider 0 Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph The Ohio State University Abbreviated Title Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph

More information

5 th Grade Language Arts Curriculum Map

5 th Grade Language Arts Curriculum Map 5 th Grade Language Arts Curriculum Map Quarter 1 Unit of Study: Launching Writer s Workshop 5.L.1 - Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

More information

1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature

1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature 1 st Grade Curriculum Map Common Core Standards Language Arts 2013 2014 1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature Key Ideas and Details

More information

Argument structure and theta roles

Argument structure and theta roles Argument structure and theta roles Introduction to Syntax, EGG Summer School 2017 András Bárány ab155@soas.ac.uk 26 July 2017 Overview Where we left off Arguments and theta roles Some consequences of theta

More information

Dear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Reading Rods offer many outstanding features! Read on to discover how to put Reading Rods to work today!

Dear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Reading Rods offer many outstanding features! Read on to discover how to put Reading Rods to work today! Dear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Your Sentence Building Reading Rod Set contains 156 interlocking plastic Rods printed with words representing different parts of speech and punctuation marks. Students

More information

Chapter 9 Banked gap-filling

Chapter 9 Banked gap-filling Chapter 9 Banked gap-filling This testing technique is known as banked gap-filling, because you have to choose the appropriate word from a bank of alternatives. In a banked gap-filling task, similarly

More information

This publication is also available for download at

This publication is also available for download at Sourced from SATs-Papers.co.uk Crown copyright 2012 STA/12/5595 ISBN 978 1 4459 5227 7 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open

More information

Compositional Semantics

Compositional Semantics Compositional Semantics CMSC 723 / LING 723 / INST 725 MARINE CARPUAT marine@cs.umd.edu Words, bag of words Sequences Trees Meaning Representing Meaning An important goal of NLP/AI: convert natural language

More information

How to Teach English

How to Teach English "How to Teach English" is a practical book which covers the aspects of being a good teacher, dealing with problems and the unexpected in the classroom. It describes, simplifies and gives us an introduction

More information

AQUA: An Ontology-Driven Question Answering System

AQUA: An Ontology-Driven Question Answering System AQUA: An Ontology-Driven Question Answering System Maria Vargas-Vera, Enrico Motta and John Domingue Knowledge Media Institute (KMI) The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.

More information

English IV Version: Beta

English IV Version: Beta Course Numbers LA403/404 LA403C/404C LA4030/4040 English IV 2017-2018 A 1.0 English credit. English IV includes a survey of world literature studied in a thematic approach to critically evaluate information

More information

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES PRO and Control in Lexical Functional Grammar: Lexical or Theory Motivated? Evidence from Kikuyu Njuguna Githitu Bernard Ph.D. Student, University

More information

Individual Component Checklist L I S T E N I N G. for use with ONE task ENGLISH VERSION

Individual Component Checklist L I S T E N I N G. for use with ONE task ENGLISH VERSION L I S T E N I N G Individual Component Checklist for use with ONE task ENGLISH VERSION INTRODUCTION This checklist has been designed for use as a practical tool for describing ONE TASK in a test of listening.

More information

Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections

Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections Tyler Perrachione LING 451-0 Proseminar in Sound Structure Prof. A. Bradlow 17 March 2006 Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections Abstract Although the acoustic and

More information

First Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards

First Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards First Grade Curriculum Highlights: In alignment with the Common Core Standards ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Foundational Skills Print Concepts Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features

More information

A Comparative Study of Research Article Discussion Sections of Local and International Applied Linguistic Journals

A Comparative Study of Research Article Discussion Sections of Local and International Applied Linguistic Journals THE JOURNAL OF ASIA TEFL Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-29, Spring 2012 A Comparative Study of Research Article Discussion Sections of Local and International Applied Linguistic Journals Alireza Jalilifar Shahid

More information

A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many

A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching. In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one. There are many Schmidt 1 Eric Schmidt Prof. Suzanne Flynn Linguistic Study of Bilingualism December 13, 2013 A Minimalist Approach to Code-Switching In the field of linguistics, the topic of bilingualism is a broad one.

More information

BASIC ENGLISH. Book GRAMMAR

BASIC ENGLISH. Book GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH Book 1 GRAMMAR Anne Seaton Y. H. Mew Book 1 Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson,

More information

Agree or Move? On Partial Control Anna Snarska, Adam Mickiewicz University

Agree or Move? On Partial Control Anna Snarska, Adam Mickiewicz University PLM, 14 September 2007 Agree or Move? On Partial Control Anna Snarska, Adam Mickiewicz University 1. Introduction While in the history of generative grammar the distinction between Obligatory Control (OC)

More information

CORPUS ANALYSIS CORPUS ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

CORPUS ANALYSIS CORPUS ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS CORPUS ANALYSIS Antonella Serra CORPUS ANALYSIS ITINEARIES ON LINE: SARDINIA, CAPRI AND CORSICA TOTAL NUMBER OF WORD TOKENS 13.260 TOTAL NUMBER OF WORD TYPES 3188 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS THE MOST SIGNIFICATIVE

More information

Written by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT. Key words: ability, possessive pronouns, and possessive adjectives INTRODUCTION

Written by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT. Key words: ability, possessive pronouns, and possessive adjectives INTRODUCTION STUDYING GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: STUDENTS ABILITY IN USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES IN ONE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN JAMBI CITY Written by: YULI AMRIA (RRA1B210085) ABSTRACT

More information

Grade 11 Language Arts (2 Semester Course) CURRICULUM. Course Description ENGLISH 11 (2 Semester Course) Duration: 2 Semesters Prerequisite: None

Grade 11 Language Arts (2 Semester Course) CURRICULUM. Course Description ENGLISH 11 (2 Semester Course) Duration: 2 Semesters Prerequisite: None Grade 11 Language Arts (2 Semester Course) CURRICULUM Course Description ENGLISH 11 (2 Semester Course) Duration: 2 Semesters Prerequisite: None Through the integrated study of literature, composition,

More information

Language Acquisition Chart

Language Acquisition Chart Language Acquisition Chart This chart was designed to help teachers better understand the process of second language acquisition. Please use this chart as a resource for learning more about the way people

More information

What the National Curriculum requires in reading at Y5 and Y6

What the National Curriculum requires in reading at Y5 and Y6 What the National Curriculum requires in reading at Y5 and Y6 Word reading apply their growing knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology), as listed in Appendix 1 of the

More information

Text Type Purpose Structure Language Features Article

Text Type Purpose Structure Language Features Article Page1 Text Types - Purpose, Structure, and Language Features The context, purpose and audience of the text, and whether the text will be spoken or written, will determine the chosen. Levels of, features,

More information

CAAP. Content Analysis Report. Sample College. Institution Code: 9011 Institution Type: 4-Year Subgroup: none Test Date: Spring 2011

CAAP. Content Analysis Report. Sample College. Institution Code: 9011 Institution Type: 4-Year Subgroup: none Test Date: Spring 2011 CAAP Content Analysis Report Institution Code: 911 Institution Type: 4-Year Normative Group: 4-year Colleges Introduction This report provides information intended to help postsecondary institutions better

More information

Sample Goals and Benchmarks

Sample Goals and Benchmarks Sample Goals and Benchmarks for Students with Hearing Loss In this document, you will find examples of potential goals and benchmarks for each area. Please note that these are just examples. You should

More information

Intensive English Program Southwest College

Intensive English Program Southwest College Intensive English Program Southwest College ESOL 0352 Advanced Intermediate Grammar for Foreign Speakers CRN 55661-- Summer 2015 Gulfton Center Room 114 11:00 2:45 Mon. Fri. 3 hours lecture / 2 hours lab

More information

Oakland Unified School District English/ Language Arts Course Syllabus

Oakland Unified School District English/ Language Arts Course Syllabus Oakland Unified School District English/ Language Arts Course Syllabus For Secondary Schools The attached course syllabus is a developmental and integrated approach to skill acquisition throughout the

More information

1.2 Interpretive Communication: Students will demonstrate comprehension of content from authentic audio and visual resources.

1.2 Interpretive Communication: Students will demonstrate comprehension of content from authentic audio and visual resources. Course French I Grade 9-12 Unit of Study Unit 1 - Bonjour tout le monde! & les Passe-temps Unit Type(s) x Topical Skills-based Thematic Pacing 20 weeks Overarching Standards: 1.1 Interpersonal Communication:

More information

SAMPLE. Chapter 1: Background. A. Basic Introduction. B. Why It s Important to Teach/Learn Grammar in the First Place

SAMPLE. Chapter 1: Background. A. Basic Introduction. B. Why It s Important to Teach/Learn Grammar in the First Place Contents Chapter One: Background Page 1 Chapter Two: Implementation Page 7 Chapter Three: Materials Page 13 A. Reproducible Help Pages Page 13 B. Reproducible Marking Guide Page 22 C. Reproducible Sentence

More information

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES

AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES Yelna Oktavia 1, Lely Refnita 1,Ernati 1 1 English Department, the Faculty of Teacher Training

More information

Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory

Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory Carnie, 2013, chapter 8 Kofi K. Saah 1 Learning objectives Distinguish between thematic relation and theta role. Identify the thematic relations agent, theme, goal, source,

More information

Possessive have and (have) got in New Zealand English Heidi Quinn, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Possessive have and (have) got in New Zealand English Heidi Quinn, University of Canterbury, New Zealand 1 Introduction Possessive have and (have) got in New Zealand English Heidi Quinn, University of Canterbury, New Zealand heidi.quinn@canterbury.ac.nz NWAV 33, Ann Arbor 1 October 24 This paper looks at

More information

Proposed syllabi of Foundation Course in French New Session FIRST SEMESTER FFR 100 (Grammar,Comprehension &Paragraph writing)

Proposed syllabi of Foundation Course in French New Session FIRST SEMESTER FFR 100 (Grammar,Comprehension &Paragraph writing) INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOR GIRLS SSFFSS,, GGUURRUUKKUULL MAARRGG,, MAANNSSAARROOVVAARR,, JJAAI IPPUURR DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH SYLLABUS OF FOUNDATIION COURSE FOR THE SESSIION 2009--10 1 Proposed syllabi of

More information

English for Life. B e g i n n e r. Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started. Student s Book 3 Date. Workbook. MultiROM. Test 1 4

English for Life. B e g i n n e r. Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started. Student s Book 3 Date. Workbook. MultiROM. Test 1 4 Lessons 1 4 Checklist Getting Started Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Introducing yourself Numbers 0 10 Names Indefinite articles: a / an this / that Useful expressions Classroom language Imperatives

More information

Conteúdos de inglês para o primeiro bimestre. Turma 21. Turma 31. Turma 41

Conteúdos de inglês para o primeiro bimestre. Turma 21. Turma 31. Turma 41 Conteúdos de inglês para o primeiro bimestre Turma 21 Greetings Vocabulário: hello, hi, good morning, good afternoon, good night, good evening, goodbye, bye Estrutura: Hello! What is your name? My name

More information

Control and Boundedness

Control and Boundedness Control and Boundedness Having eliminated rules, we would expect constructions to follow from the lexical categories (of heads and specifiers of syntactic constructions) alone. Combinatory syntax simply

More information

National Literacy and Numeracy Framework for years 3/4

National Literacy and Numeracy Framework for years 3/4 1. Oracy National Literacy and Numeracy Framework for years 3/4 Speaking Listening Collaboration and discussion Year 3 - Explain information and ideas using relevant vocabulary - Organise what they say

More information

Discourse markers and grammaticalization

Discourse markers and grammaticalization Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói Mini curso, Part 2: 08.05.14, 17:30 Discourse markers and grammaticalization Bernd Heine 1 bernd.heine@uni-keln.de What is a discourse marker? 2 ... the status of

More information

Hindi-Urdu Phrase Structure Annotation

Hindi-Urdu Phrase Structure Annotation Hindi-Urdu Phrase Structure Annotation Rajesh Bhatt and Owen Rambow January 12, 2009 1 Design Principle: Minimal Commitments Binary Branching Representations. Mostly lexical projections (P,, AP, AdvP)

More information

Copyright Corwin 2015

Copyright Corwin 2015 2 Defining Essential Learnings How do I find clarity in a sea of standards? For students truly to be able to take responsibility for their learning, both teacher and students need to be very clear about

More information

CS 598 Natural Language Processing

CS 598 Natural Language Processing CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@

More information

ELA/ELD Standards Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading

ELA/ELD Standards Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading ELA/ELD Correlation Matrix for ELD Materials Grade 1 Reading The English Language Arts (ELA) required for the one hour of English-Language Development (ELD) Materials are listed in Appendix 9-A, Matrix

More information

Chapter 3: Semi-lexical categories. nor truly functional. As Corver and van Riemsdijk rightly point out, There is more

Chapter 3: Semi-lexical categories. nor truly functional. As Corver and van Riemsdijk rightly point out, There is more Chapter 3: Semi-lexical categories 0 Introduction While lexical and functional categories are central to current approaches to syntax, it has been noticed that not all categories fit perfectly into this

More information

Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm

Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 0 (008), p. 8 Abstract Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm Yuwen Lai and Jie Zhang University of Kansas Research on spoken word recognition

More information

The Structure of Multiple Complements to V

The Structure of Multiple Complements to V The Structure of Multiple Complements to Mitsuaki YONEYAMA 1. Introduction I have recently been concerned with the syntactic and semantic behavior of two s in English. In this paper, I will examine the

More information

Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis

Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis Edited by Malcolm Coulthard London and New York First published in 1992 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis

More information

Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. Dynamic Semantics with Discourse Structure

Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. Dynamic Semantics with Discourse Structure Introduction Outline : Dynamic Semantics with Discourse Structure pierrel@coli.uni-sb.de Seminar on Computational Models of Discourse, WS 2007-2008 Department of Computational Linguistics & Phonetics Universität

More information

Sources of difficulties in cross-cultural communication and ELT: The case of the long-distance but in Chinese discourse

Sources of difficulties in cross-cultural communication and ELT: The case of the long-distance but in Chinese discourse Sources of difficulties in cross-cultural communication and ELT 23 Sources of difficulties in cross-cultural communication and ELT: The case of the long-distance but in Chinese discourse Hao Sun Indiana-Purdue

More information

Propositional Anaphora in English: The relationship between so and discourse

Propositional Anaphora in English: The relationship between so and discourse Propositional Anaphora in English: The relationship between so and discourse by Stephanie Maureen Needham A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of

More information

Construction Grammar. University of Jena.

Construction Grammar. University of Jena. Construction Grammar Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel@uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/ Words seem to have a prototype structure; but language does not only consist of words. What

More information

Rubric for Scoring English 1 Unit 1, Rhetorical Analysis

Rubric for Scoring English 1 Unit 1, Rhetorical Analysis FYE Program at Marquette University Rubric for Scoring English 1 Unit 1, Rhetorical Analysis Writing Conventions INTEGRATING SOURCE MATERIAL 3 Proficient Outcome Effectively expresses purpose in the introduction

More information

CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency Scales

CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency Scales CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency s CEFR CEFR OVERALL ORAL PRODUCTION Has a good command of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms with awareness of connotative levels of meaning. Can convey

More information

- Period - Semicolon - Comma + FANBOYS - Question mark - Exclamation mark

- Period - Semicolon - Comma + FANBOYS - Question mark - Exclamation mark Punctuation 40 pts - Period - Semicolon - Comma + FANBOYS - Question mark - Exclamation mark For STOP punctuation, BOTH ideas have to be COMPLETE Vertical Line Test - Use when you see STOP punctuation

More information

Thornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6

Thornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6 Thornhill Primary School - Grammar coverage Year 1-6 Year Topic Examples Terminology Importance Using full stops and capital letters to demarcate s We sailed to the land where the wild things are. Sentence

More information

LNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics

LNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics LNGT0101 Introduction to Linguistics Lecture #11 Oct 15 th, 2014 Announcements HW3 is now posted. It s due Wed Oct 22 by 5pm. Today is a sociolinguistics talk by Toni Cook at 4:30 at Hillcrest 103. Extra

More information