A study of rhythm in London: Is syllable-timing a feature of Multicultural London English?

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1 A study of rhythm in London: Is syllable-timing a feature of Multicultural London English? Eivind Torgersen (Sør-Trøndelag University College) & Anita Szakay (University of British Columbia) NWAV 39 San Antonio

2 Rhythm in speech Syllable-timed languages Duration of units (e.g. syllables, vowels) is near equal Mandarin, Spanish, French Stress-timed languages Larger durational variability of units English, German, Dutch Continuum from syllable- to stress-timed languages

3 Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) Low et al. (2000), Grabe & Low (2002) Average relative difference (e.g. duration) between successive pairs of units Low PVI Regularity from unit to unit Considered more syllable timed High PVI Lack of regularity from unit to unit Considered more stress timed

4 Different languages and vocalic PVI (Deterding 2001, Grabe & Low 2002) Language PVI Mandarin 27.0 Spanish 29.7 French 43.5 Singapore English 52.3 British English (RP) 57.2 German 59.7 Dutch 65.5

5 New Zealand English Szakay (2008) examined vocalic PVI for Maori and Pakeha NZ English Maori NZ English was significantly more syllable-timed than Pakeha NZ English Maori is mora-timed: considered more syllable timed Effect of language and dialect contact on rhythmic patterns Language PVI Maori NZ English 46.4 Pakeha NZ English 57.2

6 PVI and speech rate in Pakeha NZE Correlation between vocalic PVI and speech rate Speech rate goes up, vocalic PVI goes down Faster speech is more syllable timed for Pakeha NZ English speakers Faster articulation rate is a feature of syllabletimed languages (Arvaniti 2009, Dauer 1983)

7 London

8 Multicultural London English (MLE) Linguistic innovation in inner London Young male non-anglo speakers in lead Dialect and language contact a probable cause Innovations spreading to majority ethnic groups via multicultural friendship groups Innovation documented for phonological, grammatical and discourse features

9 London: vowels Elderly Anglo speaker Young non-anglo speaker

10 London: discourse features

11 Suprasegmental innovation? Dialect and language contact lead to more syllable-timed rhythm in NZ English Inner-London speakers should be more syllable timed than outer-london and RP speakers Non-Anglo speakers should be more syllable timed than Anglo speakers

12 Data 36 young speakers from Hackney Born old speakers from Hackney Born speakers from Eva Sivertsen s Hackney data Born old speakers from Havering Born

13 Methodology seconds of uninterrupted speech Narratives to control for stylistic variation Segmentation of vocalic and consonantal elements and pauses >10,000 vocalic elements

14 Time-aligned segmentation

15 Vocalic PVI: groups of speakers

16 Vocalic PVI: inner vs. outer London

17 Vocalic PVI: ethnicity

18 Vocalic articulation rate: age

19 Correlation vocalic PVI and articulation rate

20 Conclusions 1 Inner London is more syllable timed than outer London Hackney speakers in relation to Havering Havering is more similar to the PVI value for RP (Grabe & Low 2002) The data suggest that inner London has been more syllable-timed for a long time

21 Conclusions 2 Young non-anglo speakers are more syllable timed than young Anglo speakers More syllable-timed rhythm may be a feature of MLE Fast speech is a feature of MLE? Correlation between PVI and articulation rate for non-anglos

22 Comparison with work elsewhere More syllable-timed rhythm is a feature of contact varieties of English Maori NZ English Singapore English Multicultural Copenhagen Danish appears to be more syllable timed than Copenhagen Danish (Hansen & Pharao 2010)

23 References Arvaniti, A. (2009) Rhythm, timing and the timing of rhythm. Phonetica 66: Cheshire, J., Fox, S., Kerswill, P. & Torgersen, E. (2008) Ethnicity, friendship network and social practices as the motor of dialect change: Linguistic innovation in London. Sociolinguistica 22: Dauer, R. M. (1983) Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed. Journal of Phonetics 11: Deterding, D. (2001) The measurement of rhythm: A comparison of Singapore and British English. Journal of Phonetics 29: Gabrielatos, C., Torgersen, E., Hoffmann, S. & Fox, S. (2010) A corpus-based sociolinguistic study of indefinite article forms in London English. Journal of English Linguistics. Grabe, E. & Low, E. L. (2002) Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis. In Gussenhoven, C. & Warner, N. (eds.) Papers in Laboratory Phonology 7. Berlin: Mouton Hansen, G. F. & Pharao, N. (2010) Prosody in the Copenhagen multiethnolect. In Quist, P. & Svendsen, B. A. (eds.) Multilingual Urban Scandinavia. Bristol: Multilingual Matters Kerswill, P., Torgersen, E. & Fox, S. (2008) Reversing drift : Innovation and diffusion in the London diphthong system. Language Variation and Change 20: Low, E. L., Grabe, E. & Nolan, F. (2000) Quantitative characteristics of speech rhythm: Syllable timing in Singapore English. Language & Speech 43: Nolan, F. & Asu, E. L. (2009) The pairwise variability index and coexisting rhythms in language. Phonetica 66: Szakay, A. (2008) Ethnic dialect identification in New Zealand: The role of prosodic cues. Saarbrücken: VDM. Torgersen, E., Gabrielatos, C., Hoffmann, S. & Fox, S. (forthcoming) A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Yuan, J. & Liberman, M. (2008) Speaker identification on the SCOTUS corpus. Proceedings of Acoustics 08.

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