X X X ACTIVE VERB/TENSE
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1 The use of Tense / Aspect is purely subjective. The trick for Learners of English is to understand HOW an Anglophone chooses Tense/Aspect.. Usually, more than one tense can be applied. Which tense is employed depends both on the speakers point of view and upon their point of concern,or Axis of Orientation in TIME. The point of view may be in the past, present, or future, the speaker looking forward or backward. The point of concern relates to the speaker s choice between simple and progressive form. *aspect expresses how a state or action relates to time whether it is seen as a complete event, an ongoing or repeated situation, etc. ACTIVE VERB/TENSE A POINT IN TIME A LENGTH OF TIME X X X Present Simple/BASIC FORM.Timeless, complete events etc, and general in nature.actions that occur at a single point.(declaritive e.g.i propose a toast ) THIS FORM IS NON INTERPRETIVEand is used for FACTS. No time reference ----events seen as completete I walk to work -----every day---often ----rarely----sometimes.-----when the weather is nice. NEGATIVE. I don't walk to work. QUESTION. Do you walk to work? THIRD PERSON. He/She walks to work. USE #2.for DECLARITIVE VERBS I pronounce you man and wife I forgive you. USE#3. COMMENTARY/News headlines. He shoots, he scores. I take 3 eggs and break them into a bowl, then... Conservatives lead in the polls. USE #4The GRAPHIC PRESENT. I was sitting there talking to Mark when Dick walked in. He looked furious...then suddenly, up he comes shouting at me, picks up my drink and throws it all over me. I had no idea what was going on. BASIC FORM--PRESENT SIMPLE --STATIVE VERBS TAKE BASIC FORM She is 30 years old. They don't agree with you. I am a doctor. I like coffee. I love your new dress. I feel sick. I understand where you're coming from... REMOTE ( i.e. Remote from the Basic form )FORM. EVENTS, ACTIONS ETC that are FINISHED I walked to work-----last week ----with Fred.-----in the rain.----because there was a bus strike. NEGATIVE. I didn't walk to work. QUESTION. Did you walk to work?
2 DURATIVE FORM. (also called Progressive/Continuous ) Limited,temporary duratiom, specific in nature; as perceived from it's center.longer than a moment or point in time.the present progressive expresses an incomplete or ongoing action or state that began in the past and continues in the present and into the future. For example: I am reading a new book. My daughter is learning about colors. We are traveling to St. Louis in May. The neighbors are hosting a block party. N O W I am walking to work.----because the weather is so nice. ---so that I can get some exercise---with my friend.--because my car is being repaired because I want to. NEGATIVE. I am not walking to work. QUESTION. Are you walking to work? ***THERE ARE SOME STATIVE VERBS THAT ALSO HAVE A DYNAMIC MEANING AND CAN BE USED WITH THE 'ING ' FORM I'm having lunch. She's thinking about her holidays. Stop being so stupid. ***There are also stative verbs that are now used in common speech with the ING form..eg.i'm loving it. FROM A POINT IN THE PAST I was walking to work when it started to rain.----and listening to music on my Ipod.-----to get some exercise.----because I enjoy walking. NEGATIVE. I wasn't walking to work. QUESTION.Were you walking to work? The past progressive expresses an incomplete or ongoing action or state that began, continued, and ended in the past but over a longer period of time than the completed actions expressed by the simple past. For example: I was knitting a baby blanket. My husband was mowing the lawn. You were studying molecular biology. We were attending a fascinating lecture. THE DIFFERENCE-----A POINT IN TIME VERSUS A LENGTH OF TIME---We use the present progressive to talk about actions or situations that are happening at or around the time of speaking (before, during, and after the moment of speaking). The focus is on the duration of an event as seen from its center. For point-in-time actions, which are quickly completed rather than being in progress or which have no temporal quality at all (mere facts), we usually prefer the present simple.
3 It s raining at the moment. It isn t raining at the moment. Is it raining at the moment? They are playing soccer in the backyard. (duration) Is the heat working again? e.g.*** four possibilities to interpret the temporal relationship between the leaving and the coming in (cf. The English Verb by Michael Lewis, page 89): 1. He left when I came in. 2. He was leaving when I came in. 3. He left when I was coming in. 4. He was leaving when I was coming in. compare----what were you doing when you heard the burglar? I was reading in bed. What did you do when you heard the burglar? I called the police. It is not the real time taken by an action which is important, but the speaker s perception of the situation. The speaker describes the events either as two consecutive points in time (in 1. = pure fact), as one action interrupting another extended action (in 2. and 3.), or the speaker sees both occurrences as extended in time (in 4.). Thus the fundamental distinction is similar to the difference between a still shot and a motion picture. Simple tenses mirror a punctual concern, while progressive reflects a sequential viewpoint: e.g.they re playing splendidly. He shoots. Goal! NOTE I live in Quebec. I'm living in Quebec. The question is not whether my living in Quebec is a period of time but whether at the moment of speaking on a particular occasion, I wish to emphasize that it is something which will occur for a limited period of time.(micheal Lewis ) RETROSPECTIVE FORM. (also a simple form also called Perfect) Looking back from now to a time before and is unspecified. I have walked to work...sometimes...when I didn''t want to drive.-----when I needed exercise.---- because I had to. NEGATIVE.I have never walked to work. QUESTION.Have you ever walked to work? FROM A POINT IN THE PAST(past perfect) I had walked to work a few times... but it took too long...---when the weather was nice.----because I needed the exercise. NEGATIVE.I had never walked to work before I realised that the office was closer than I thought. QUESTION. Had you walked to work before you moved.? NOTE--We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened before something else in the past. We use it when we are talking about the past and want to make clear that something had already happened at the time we are talking about. While the present perfect refers to time before now, the past perfect refers to time before then (pre-past). MIXTURE-DURATIVE/RETROSPECTIVE FORM (perfect/progressive ). SEQUENCE OF A TIME BEFORE NOW.(the difference between the simple and the progressive is to emphasize the event itself as N O W
4 an extended activity (sequential concern - progressive) or to give a secondary reference to the event (punctual concern simple). It doesn t matter whether the event is completed or not. I have been walking foe 2 hours.----and I'm tired.----and still haven't arrived at my destination.-----in the rain..negative.i have not been walking for long. QUESTION.How long have you been walking? FROM A POINT IN THE PAST I had been walking for 2 hours... when it started to rain...before I met Frank.-----before I realised I had forgotten my phone. NEGATIVE.I hadn't been walking for long. QUESTION. How long had you been walking? Again, the difference between the simple and the progressive is to emphasize the event itself as an extended activity (sequential concern - progressive) or to give a secondary reference to the event (punctual concern simple). It doesn t matter whether the event is completed or not. Time Before Now It has been raining all day, but it has stopped now. Negative I haven t been studying very well recently. Question Who has been sitting at my desk? Someone has messed up my files. As there is no inflected (formal ) FUTURE TENSE in English talking about the FUTURE WILL be dealt with separately. We can either use the past or the present perfect to talk about the past. However, if there s a past time cue, we usually use the past. Such a cue shows that we specify when something happened in the past. Time Cues REMOTE FORM--Past Simple Did you watch the movie yesterday? Did we meet last week? She went out some time ago. No, I m sorry. I didn t see her on Monday. RETROSPECTIVE FORM--Present Perfect Simple Have you seen any good movies recently? Have we ever met before? She has already gone out. No, I m sorry. I haven t seen her lately. Without Time Cues Emma: I worked at a bank for twenty years. The listener knows that Emma doesn t work at the bank anymore because the past is considered to be detached from the present. Emma: I have worked at a bank for twenty years. The present perfect refers to time-up-to-now. Emma doesn t specify when in the past. The listener doesn t know, whether she still works at the bank or not. She just looks back to a period before now, which is not separated from the present. It s her present memory even if she worked there long ago. The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE expresses and emphasizes the consequences resulting from a previous but incomplete action or state that began in the past and continues into the present but may or may not continue into the future. For example: She has been baking all morning. What have you been doing all day? We have been waiting here for hours! I have been experiencing pain in my side. The PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE expresses and emphasizes the consequences resulting from a
5 previous incomplete or ongoing action or state that began in the past and continues up to a specific time. For example: The teacher had been speaking when a student interrupted him. Many animals had been dying until drastic measures were taken. We had been sleeping when the storm started. He had been contributing to the project The PASSIVE VERB/TENSE FORMS. WHAT IS DONE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN WHO DOES IT. The doer of the action is unknowable(the earth was formed millions of years ago ),or unknown,or is unimportant or of no particular interest at point of speaking (my watch was stolen ). Is of a sccientific nature which always uses no subjective ( i.e the test tube was heated ) BE plus THE THIRD FORM or PAST PARTICIPLE e.g. This was painted by Picasso. He had to be told. The road is being widened. PRESENT. I am (I'm ) asked. He, She or It is ( s) asked.we,you,they are ('re) asked. PAST. I, He, She,It, wasasked. We, you, they were asked. PERFECT. I, You, We, They have been asked. He, She It has been asked.
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