Review: Exam 2. Chapters 7,8, 9, and 4

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1 Review: Exam 2 Chapters 7,8, 9, and 4

2 To review: Learning What is classical conditioning? Explain an example What is US and UR? What is CS and CR? What variables can you vary in classical conditioning experiments? What is operant conditioning? Explain positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. What are real examples of each? What are the schedules of reinforcement? What is the effect of each on learning and extinction? Explain some real world examples of conditioning.

3 Learning: True or False? For effective classical conditioning associations to form, the unconditioned stimulus must be presented before the conditioned stimulus. With second-order conditioning you don t need an unconditioned stimulus to be present in order to learn something about its occurrence. With operant conditioning organisms learn that their own actions, rather than conditioned stimuli, lead to the outcomes they experience. Positive reinforcement leads to an increase in the tendency to produce a specific response while negative reinforcement leads to a decrease in the tendency to produce some specific response. With variable-interval schedules the rate of extinction tends to be slower than the rate of extinction on an equivalent fixed-interval schedule.

4 Review: Memory What is sensory memory? What is the difference between iconic and echoic memory? Explain how to use the mnemonic devices. Why do mnemonics work and what are their limitations? What are the 3 stages of memory? What is the capacity of short-term memory? Why do we forget? Explain what patients with amnesia are and are not capable of doing using memory terminology. Explain all the factors that influence memory. What are false memories? Why do they occur? What does it mean that we have reconstructive memory? Explain other types of memory (explicit vs implicit; episodic vs semantic; autobiographical; flashbulb memory)

5 Memory: True or False? Chunking involves forming connections between new information and information already stored in long-term memory. Most psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is unlimited. In a lists of items to remember, it is most likely that the beginning and end of the list will be recalled. Forgetting occurs because information decays. As a general rule, memory span is roughly equal to the amount of material you can internally rehearse in about 10ms. Research shows that overall memory is more accurate when people rely on schema-based remembering. Ebbinghaus found that forgetting declined linearly. When older adults recall their past there is evidence of enhanced recall for events from early/late adolescence.

6 Review: Language Is language innate or a learned process? Explain the structure rules of language. Grammar Syntax Semantics Pragmatics What is the difference between surface and deep structure? Explain the development of language. What is phonetic sensitivity and what do we know about it? Why do kids babble? How have researchers studied this question? Does language change the way we think?

7 Language: True or False? Semantics refers to the rules for combining words to make sentences. In English, two sentences can have the same surface structure but two very different deep structures. Babies begin to restrict their vocalizations to the phonemes in the language they hear every day after 6 mo, and are not able to hear the distinction of non-native contrasts after 1 mo of age. Linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that language does not change the way we think and perceive the world. Babbling is solely produced by all babies in order to practice using their vocal cords and learn how to create sounds.

8 Review: Problem solving & decision making What is problem solving and decision making? How do we represent information? How do we solve problems? What strategies are used in problem solving? What are the pros and cons of each? What are some examples of problems and their solutions? What are the factors that influence or bias problem solving? Explain the problems given in terms of representation, strategies and factors that bias solutions. What factors bias decision making? Explain real examples of each heuristic.

9 Problem solving and decision making: True or False? When an individual attempts to solve a problem by breaking the problem down into a series of manageable sub-goals, the person is using mean-end analysis. A solution will be arrived at faster if a graph representation is used for the Buddhist Monk problem. If an algorithm is used you will always arrive at the correct answer. Tower of Hanoi can be solved using means end approach, working backwards or analogy approach. Incubation can lead to a release from a mental set. Overall, decision-making heuristics are maladaptive because they are time-consuming and lead to irrational decisions.

10 Chapter 4: Human development Types and stages of development 3 Central questions Continuous vs. discontinuous One course vs. many courses Nature vs. nurture Longitudinal vs. cross-sectional design Methods to test infants Habituation; preference; reward technique Piaget s cognitive development theory Schemata; assimilation; accomodation 4 periods: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Object permanence; Principle of conservation; egocentrism Challenges to Piaget s theory Development of attachment Types of attachment Strange situation test Consequences of attachment Factors that affect attachment

11 True or False? Children s motor development can be viewed as a continuous or discontinuous process. The look-longer paradigm has provided researchers with knowledge about infant preference for faces. Piaget recognized that not all children develop at the same rate and suggested that cognitive development might be better viewed as continual change. Ainsworth found that infants with secure attachments were uneasy and clingy when stressed, but were easily calmed by Mom. All forms of day care harms the development of attachment.

12 USE the mnemonics to study!! Repetition Chunking First letter technique Acronym Acrostic Rhyming Visualization Keyword Link system Chaining Narrative Method of Loci Peg-word FOR example use w/ Ch 7 terms: Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Extinction Second-order conditioning Shaping Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Fixed-ratio Fixed-interval Variable-ratio Variable-interval

NAME: East Carolina University PSYC Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith

Module 10 1 NAME: East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith Study Questions for Chapter 10: Language and Education Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human