Word order variation in Dutch and German verb clusters. Liesbeth Augustinus
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1 Word order variation in Dutch and German verb clusters Liesbeth Augustinus HeadLex16-29 July, 2016
2 OUTLINE Introduction HPSG analysis of verb clusters Analysis of word order variation in verb clusters Conclusions
3 omdat ik Marie een liedje heb horen zingen CLUSTER FORMATION
4 VERB CLUSTERS DU... dat hij dat boek moet 1 hebben 2 gevonden that he the book must have found... that he must have found the book. GE dass er das Buch finden 3 können 2 wird 1. that he the book find can will that he will be able to find the book.
5 VERB CLUSTERS DU... dat hij dat boek moet 1 hebben 2 gevonden that he the book must have found... that he must have found the book. GE dass er das Buch finden 3 können 2 wird 1. that he the book find can will that he will be able to find the book. àcharacteristic for Dutch and German ànot in English
6 VERB CLUSTERS DU... dat hij dat boek heeft 1 kunnen 2 vinden that he the book has can find GE dass er das Buch hat 1 finden 3 können 2. that he the book has find can... that he has been able to find the book.
7 VERB CLUSTERS DU... dat hij dat boek heeft 1 kunnen 2 /*gekund vinden that he the book has can.ipp/*can.psp find GE dass er das Buch hat 1 finden 3 können 2 /*gekönnt. that he the book has find can.ipp/*can.psp... that he has been able to find the book. à Infinitivus pro Participio Ersatzinfinitiv, double infinitive
8 VERB CLUSTERS DU... dat hij dat boek moet 1 hebben 2 gevonden that he the book must have found... that he must have found the book.... dat hij dat boek moet 1 gevonden 3 hebben dat hij dat boek gevonden 3 moet 1 hebben 2. à Word order variation without change of meaning
9 VERB CLUSTERS GE dass er das Buch finden 3 können 2 wird 1. that he the book find can will that he will be able to find the book. dass er das Buch wird 1 finden 3 können 2.? dass er das Buch finden 3 wird 1 können 2.
10 VERB CLUSTERS Word order variation with a change of meaning Ik zag dat de hond de kat achtervolgde. I saw that the dog the cat chased I saw that the dog chased the cat. Ik zag dat de kat de hond achtervolgde. I saw that the cat the dog chased I saw that the cat chased the dog.
11 VERB CLUSTERS In sum, Dutch and German both show o o o verb cluster formation IPP effect word order variation in verb clusters Dutch and German verb clusters differ with respect to o o o canonical word order (ascending vs descending) attested word order variation set of clustering verbs
12 An HPSG analysis of verb clusters COMPLEMENT RAISING
13 AN HPSG MODEL OF VERB CLUSTERS Link verbs to their non-verbal arguments Take into account word order variation Binary-branching trees
14 GENERALIZED RAISING dass Ulrich dieses Buch lesen können wird.... that Ulrich this book read can will... that Ulrich will be able to read this book. Hinrichs & Nakazawa (1989,1990,1994) Argument inheritance or generalized raising
15 GENERALIZED RAISING dat Peter het boek zal kunnen vinden.... that Peter the book will can find... that Peter will be able to find the book. Hinrichs & Nakazawa (1989,1990,1994) Argument inheritance or generalized raising adapted to Dutch
16 GENERALIZED RAISING Hinrichs & Nakazawa (1989,1990,1994) Argument inheritance or generalized raising
17 GENERALIZED RAISING Problematic, at least for Dutch!
18 COMPLEMENT RAISING dat Peter het boek zal kunnen vinden... that Peter will be able to find the book Van Eynde & Augustinus (2013, 2014) Augustinus (2015)
19 COMPLEMENT RAISING Constraint on headed phrases à very powerful! Not in P-initial PPs Not in V-initial VPs Not in CPs
20 COMPLEMENT RAISING Result: The COMPS list can shrink and expand at the same time if combined with the regular head-complement rule
21 An HPSG analysis of verb clusters WORD ORDER VARIATION
22 WORD ORDER VARIATION Canonical word order o Dutch: ascending e.g. zal 1 kunnen 2 lezen 3 (will.fin can.inf read.inf) o German: descending e.g. lesen 3 können 2 wird 1 (read.inf can.inf will.fin) But: variation in linear order o Dutch: position of past participle is variable o German: position of the finite verb is variable Modelled with G(O)V(ERN)OR feature cf. Kathol (2000), Bouma & Van Noord (1998) ~ FLIP in Hinrichs & Nakazawa (1994)
23 WORD ORDER VARIATION G(O)V(ERN)OR indicates the direction of the selector
24 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Dutch Infinitival complements: [GVOR ] Past participles: [GVOR dir]
25 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Dutch The canonical cases (1-2-3) Moet 1 hebben 2 gevonden 3 (must.fin have.inf find.psp) Zal 1 kunnen 2 lezen 3 (will.fin can.inf read.inf)
26 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Dutch Participle in the middle (1-3-2) Moet 1 gevonden 3 hebben 2 (must.fin find.psp have.inf) *zal 1 lezen 3 kunnen 2 (will.fin read.inf can.inf) à ruled out because lezen has [GVOR ]
27 WORD ORDER VARIATION: German In most constructions: infinitival complements: [GVOR à] Past participles: [GVOR à]
28 WORD ORDER VARIATION: German The canonical cases (3-2-1) Finden 3 können 2 wird 1 (find.inf can.inf will.fin) Gelesen 3 haben 2 muss 1 (read.psp have.inf must.fin)
29 WORD ORDER VARIATION: German The canonical cases (3-2-1) Finden 3 können 2 wird 1 (find.inf can.inf will.fin) Gelesen 3 haben 2 muss 1 (read.psp have.inf must.fin) * Haben 2 gelesen 3 muss 1 à No equivalent to Dutch 1-3-2
30 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Aux Flip Auxiliary flip (Oberfeldumstellung) GE wird 1 finden 3 können 2 (will.fin find.inf can.inf) DU kunnen 2 lezen 3 heeft 1 (can.ipp read.inf have.fin) [GVOR à] for German and [GVOR ß] for Dutch infinitival complements is too strict, but [GVOR dir] would overgenerate!
31 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Aux Flip Clustering verbs Verbs which can select another verb in a verb cluster GE wird 1 finden 3 können 2 (will.fin find.inf can.inf) DU kunnen 2 lezen 3 heeft 1 (can.ipp read.inf have.fin)
32 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Aux Flip Clustering verbs Verbs which can select another verb in a verb cluster German
33 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Aux Flip Auxiliary flip (Oberfeldumstellung) GE wird 1 finden 3 können 2 (will.fin find.inf can.inf) DU kunnen 2 lezen 3 heeft 1 (can.ipp read.inf have.fin)
34 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Aux Flip Clustering verbs Verbs which can select another verb in a verb cluster Dutch
35 WORD ORDER VARIATION: Aux Flip Auxiliary flip (Oberfeldumstellung) GE wird 1 finden 3 können 2 (will.fin find.inf can.inf) DU kunnen 2 lezen 3 heeft 1 (can.ipp read.inf have.fin) Only in IPP-constructions, only in colloquial varieties of Dutch
36 WORD ORDER VARIATION: What about constructions? DU gevonden 3 moet 1 hebben 2 (find.psp must.fin have.inf) GE finden 3 wird 1 können 2 (find.inf will.fin can.inf) à Main verb is not adjacent to its selector à Zwischenstellung à Problematic for binary-branching approaches
37 WORD ORDER VARIATION: What about constructions? Bouma & Van Noord (1998): flat tree structures + More flexible w.r.t. word order variation - Additional features and constraints required to prevent overgeneration
38 WORD ORDER VARIATION: What about constructions? Kathol (2000): domain feature to model linear order à Phrase structure is not surface-oriented
39 WORD ORDER VARIATION: What about constructions? Augustinus (2015): Dutch as another instance of complement raising e.g. gevonden 3 moet 1 hebben 2 (find.psp must.fin have.inf)
40 WORD ORDER VARIATION: What about constructions? Augustinus (2015): Dutch as another instance of complement raising à 3 can only be a past participle, as participles are [GVOR dir] à constructions of the type *lezen 3 zal 1 kunnen 2 (read.inf will.fin can.inf) are correctly ruled out ruled out because lezen has [GVOR ]
41 WORD ORDER VARIATION: What about constructions? Extension to German 3-1-2: combining complement raising with Oberfeldumstellung
42 CONCLUSION HPSG analysis of verb clusters Taking into account word order variation Binary branching Combination of complement raising and linearization constraints (using GVOR) Accounts for the variation attested in Dutch and German verb clusters
43 Thanks for your attention!
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