Languages CHAPTER 5. Selam Hello. Nei Ho. Namaste. Bonjour. Hujambo. Saluton Parev. Sa-wat-dee. Goddag. Olá. Dia dhuit. Kon-nichiwa.

Transcription

1 Selam Hello Hujambo Nei Ho Bonjour Namaste Languages Saluton Parev Goddag Sa-wat-dee Kon-nichiwa Dia dhuit Olá Aksunai CHAPTER 5 Vitayu Xin chào

2 English World Language Official Language: Language used by government for reports, public objects (i.e. road signs, money, & stamps) What is Official Language? English 1 st language spoken by 328 million Official Language of 57 countries Third most spoken language Behind Chinese (Mandarin) & Spanish What happens if more than one official language? What is U.S. official language?

3 Major World Languages

4 English Colonization: The effect of colonization on language diffusion Why did English become primary language? What caused the worldwide spread of English? Where do we see the effects of colonization most strongly on language?

5 Origin of English England invaded by Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes, Saxons (Denmark/Germany) England = Angles Land Many other invaders added words to language Vikings Normans (1066) French Statute of Pleadings 1362

6 Dialect regional variation of a Dialect/Isogloss language distinguished by vocab, spelling, pronunciation Can understand each other Varies due to region (reflect environment) Distributions shown by study of words Isogloss word usage boundaries. Data collected by regions to map variations.

7 Vocabulary English/American Dialects Independent Identity Webster - Develop unique cultural dialect New Objects New Experiences New Inventions Pronunciation Distance caused pronunciation to change England changed more than U.S. BRP didn t emerge until late 18 th century Standard language well established dialect (most acceptable) British Received Pronunciation (BRP) commonly used by politicians, broadcasters, actors English Dialects Northern, Midland, Southern American Dialects New England, Southeastern, Middle Atlantic

8 Indo-European Branches Language branch collection of languages related by common ancestral language Branches can be identified from same family Indo European world s most extensively spoken language family 8 branches 4 spoken by large groups: Indo-Iranian, Romance, Germanic, & Balto-Slavic

9 Indo- European Language Branches

10 Quick Query What are the four main groups of the Indo- European branch A. Indo -Iranian B. Romance C. Germanic D. Balto-Slavic

11 Indo-European Branches Devanagari Language Group collection of languages w/in a branch that share common origin. West Germanic High & Low German Indo-Iranian Indic (eastern) & Iranian (western) India, Pakistan, Bangledesh 438 languages spoken in India Official is Hindi & English

12 German Branches of Indo-European Language Family India s Languages & Language Families

13 Indo-Iranian Group of Languages

14 Balto-Slavic Branch Slavic migration from Asia became many languages across Eastern Europe East, West, South Eastern - Russian 80% USSR forced native speakers of other languages to learn Russian to foster cultural unity After break-up of Soviet Union countries revert to former languages Western (1) Polish (2) Czech (3) Slovak Southern Bosnia, Herzegovia, Croatia, Montenegro, & Serbia Language was called Serbo-Croatian but with split of Yugoslavia name of language now differs between ethnicities due to name offending others.

15 Romance Branch

16 Four Widely Used Languages: Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian Many other smaller languages spoken through out area Romanian separated by Slavic speakers Rome diffused Romance languages Romance Languages Latin Romance languages derived from Latin 2,000 years ago. Vulgar Latin spoken by the masses people in the provinces learned this form of Latin. - Languages developed differently after fall of empire.

17 A Little More Romance --90% of Spanish and Portuguese speakers live outside those countries -Treaty of Tordesillas (1493) divided New World between Spain and Port. -Spanish in 18 LA countries -Portuguese in Brazil (18 x s Portugal pop) -Treaty of Tordesillas (1493) divided LA -Portuguese has adopted more Brazilian characteristics recently -Books and films are universal Italian dialects: Napoletano-Calebrese 7 mil, Sicilian 5mil, Lombard 9 mil Piemontese 3 mil

18 How is the Germanic Group Divided? How many Language branches does India have? How many Romance Languages are there? REVIEW Break into Groups of 3-4 Why did most Baltic-Slavic countries speak Russian from the 1950s through the 1990s?

19 Creolized Languages Creolized Language results from mixing colonizer s language w/ indigenous language becomes new language -French Creole (Haiti) -Papiamento (Netherland Antilles) -Portuguese Creole (Cape Verde)

20 Creolization Pidgin Sometimes a mother tongue Difficult distinguishing between them & dialects U.S. Example: Gullah or Geechee: 10,000 descendents of African slaves in coastal islands of S.C., GA, and North Florida. Gullah cuisine based on African foodstuffs, okra Gullah language combination of Elizabethan English and African tongues The only surviving example of an English-based Creole language in North America.

21 Indo-European Diffusion Ancestor known as Proto-Indo-Euro -Different branches have similar words -Beech, oak, bear, deer, pheasant, bee -Origins are unknown but probably an inland, winter climate -One main hypothesis is that the Kurgans were the first speakers -From Russia/Kazakhstan region-4300 BC -Diffused through military conquest -Anatolian Hearth Theory states language originated on Anatolian peninsula and diffused through agriculture -2,000 years before the Kurgans -Diffused through agricultural practices

22 Theory of Language Divergence August Schleicher Languages to dialects Dialects isolated becoming discrete languages Language tree model

23 Language Trees Trunks = Families Branches = Language Branches (i.e. Germanic) Leaves = Individual Languages Roots = Theorized Superfamilies predate recorded history Larger Trunks & Leaves = More people speaking language.

24 Group Project Draw a language tree using all the parts of the tree to symbolize the different parts of language. Choose a language family to represent your tree as an example.

25 World Language Families Language Families 1/2 speak Indo-European languages 1/5 speak Sino-Tibetan languages Indo- European Sino-Tibetan Afro-Asiatic Austronesian Niger-Congo Dravidian Altaic Austro-Asiatic Japanese Indo-European i.e. English Sino-Tibetan i.e. Mandarin Chinese Afro-Asiatic i.e. Arabic Austronesian in SE Asia Niger-Congo in Africa Dravidian in India Altaic in parts of Asia Austro-Asiatic SE Asia Japanese (separate family)

26 World Language Families

27 Sino-Tibetan Family Most important Chinese language = Mandarin pu tong hua = common speech 3/4ths speak Mandarin most used language in world Gov t imposing Mandarin countrywide Small # of languages = unity!! Compare to India. Very different structure Ideograms most written language = symbols for concepts/ideas intricate over 4,000 years. 16% over 16 illiterate

28 Other Language Families Other East & Southeast Asian Language Families: Austronesian Indonesia 722 active languages Austro-Asiatic Vietnamese most spoken Tai Kadai Thailand closely related to Austronesian = from Philippines Japanese Korean Written letters = hankul (derives new words from Japanese/Chinese words esp. tech Middle East/ Central Asia Afro-Asiatic Arabic Language of Quran from 7 th century / Hebrew Bible Altaic originated in steppes between Tibet/China Turkish Uralic Estonia, Finland, & Hungary (exceptions to Indo- European)

29 Other Language Families African: Exact # of languages spoken unknown over 1,000 identified by missionaries 5,000 years of minimal interaction Niger-Congo - 95% speak Swahili 1 st 800,000/ 2 nd 30 million - official language Tanzania used to communicate with outsiders Nilo-Saharan few speakers, but six branches Khoisan distinctive characteristics - clicking sounds / Hottentot

30 Quick Review Name 2 nd most important language family What is the most dominant language family in Africa? How many languages are spoken in Africa? What is the other language family found within Europe? What are the other countries that speak the languages in that family? What is the language family found in the Middle East?

31 Lingua Franca: A Language of International Communication. Used to facilitate trade Two different languages mixed to create one simple language Language of the Franks - Linguistic convergence of Frankish, Italian, Greek, Spanish, and Arabic Today s usage of lingua franca Swahili has become the lingua franca of East Africa In West Africa Hausa is a regional tongue India - Hindi ENGLISH Globally Pidgin Language simplified form of language (i.e. English, etc.) construct new language using lingua franca.

32 deshow/2010/05/03/world/as ia/ _chinglish.h tml Chinglish

33 English in China ntlineworld/rough/200 8/08/china_kung_fu_e. html Kung Fu English-the impact of a global lingua franca in China

34 Why Preserve Languages? Extinct Languages: once in use, but no longer spoken 473 languages near extinction. Preserve culture - EBLUL Devolution: Basques Nationalism: Celtic, Welsh, Hawaiian Revival of extinct languages: Hebrew

35 Multilingualism Few true monolingual states left: Japan, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Portugal, Poland, & Lesotho Multilingual states: Linguistic fragmentation can reflect cultural pluralism Canada: French & English speaking areas Still divided

36 Multilingualism Regional expression Examples: Switzerland Russia (Chechen, Ukranian) Andean Cultures (tribes - Quechua) Polyglot State= More than one Official language

37 Multilingualism Belgium Dutch-speaking and French-speaking regions Brussels officially bilingual, but majority speak French Reflects 19 th century efforts to build an integrated state Linguistic partition in 1920s For Flemish identity Language regions tend to foster regionalism

38 Multilingualism Nigeria A colonial creation Three major regional languages 230 established tongues English as official language Repercussions?

39 Changing Cultural Composition in the United States Hispanics population on the rise An official second language? Even divides Hispanic communities Hispanic policy organization report, 1990 Early European immigrants faced language barrier