(2) Derivational and Inflectional morphology.

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1 Morphology (1) Morphological form: the shape of a word. a. Stem: the basic form of a word without affixes attached. b. Affixes: suffixes and prefixes c. Vowel change: ablaut. d. Supletion: partial or full

2 (2) Derivational and Inflectional morphology.

3 (3) Agreement morphology. a. Subject/verb, and even object/verb b. Morphosyntactic features: [Person,Number,Gender] c. φ-features. d. Feature bundles [singular,plural]

4 (4) Feature systems: a. Privative: to cause a lacking (i) features have no value. (ii) may or may not be present. (iii) must have a default feature. b. Value: all features are valued (i) Binary: [+/ ] (ii) Non-binary

5 (5) Valued Features a. Binary features: bi-valent (i) must rule out feature bundles that are not empirically sound cross-linguistically (ii) i.e. nonesense features bundles such as [ singular, plural] for number features. b. Non-binary feature values: (i) forms natural classes such as number features (ii) i.e. [num:singular], [num:plural], and [num:dual]

6 (6) Features and interface levels a. Interpretable features: have an effect on semantic interpretation, i.e. meaning of a sentence. b. Uninterpretable features: not visible to semantic interpretation, purely syntactic. c. Allows for a new value for features: (i) interpretable number features: [num:sing]. (ii) uninterpretable (u) number features: [unum:sing].

7 (7) Syntactic structure interfaces with semantic meaning and morphological form a. Semantic interpretation b. Pronunciation

8 Category Features (8) Word classes (lexical categories): a. Noun [N] b. Verb [V] c. Adjective [A] d. Preposition [P]

9 (9) Binary category features: a. [+/ N] b. [+/ V]

10 (10) Four categories: a. Noun [+N, V] b. Verb [ N,+V] c. Adjective [+N,+V] (Verb/noun-like qualities.) d. Preposition [ N, V]

11 (11) Morphological form (a word): the collocation of syntactic (semantic and phonological) features into lexical items.

12 Φ-features (12) Verb paradigms (verbal agreement) and φ-features classes: a. Person b. Number c. Gender

13 (13) Person features: a. first [1], second [2], third [3] b. [1] and [2]: the speaker and addressee, [+person] c. [3]: anyone else not present in the conversation, [ person]

14 (14) Overgenerating person features: a. Power set: P(A) =2 n b. n = number of elements in a set c. Three person features: n =3and2 3 =8 d. A = {[1, 2, 3], [1, 2], [1, 3], [2, 3], [1], [2], [3], }

15 (15) Person features: a. Just use the features specified for person to limit our set, [1] and [2]. b. A = {[1, 2], [1], [2], } c. Empirical evidence: Exclusive person, [1,2,plural]

16 (16) Gender features: a. masculine [masc], feminine [fem], and neuter [neut] b. simplify the following: {[masc],[fem],[ ]} c. stipulate a rule disallowing [masc,fem]

17 (17) Number features: a. [plural] and [singular] b. Dual [singular,plural]

18 (18) English pronominal paradigm (ignoring gender features): I [1,singular] We [1,plural] you [2,singular] You [2,plural] He/she/it [singular] they [plural]

19 (19) Hmong pronominal paradigm: Kuv [1,singular] Wb [1,singular,plural] Peb [1,plural] Koj [2,singular] Neb [2,singular,plural] Nej [2,plural] Nws [singular] Nkawd [singular,plural] Lawv [plural]

20 (20) Chinook pronominal paradigm: [singular] [singular,plural] [plural] [1] naika ntaika ntshaika [1,2] tchaika lchaika [2] maika mtaika mshaika [] áchka shtáchka táska

21 Case features (21) Types of Case: a. Nominative [nom], Accusative [acc], Genitive [gen], etc. b. English does not mark morphological case, thus it is uninterpretable. c. Case is syntactic and uninterpretable, while case is morphological and in interpretable at the interface of syntax and pronunciation. d. Pronouns in English have case.

22 (22) English pronominal paradigm: Singular Plural [nom] [acc] [nom] [acc] I me we us you you you you he him they them she her they them it it they them

23 Verbal features (23) Tense a. Past [past], and present [pres] b. past non-past c. some languages exhibit a future tense [fut]; past present future

24 (24) Modern Irish a. tógann leave-[pres] He leaves. b. thóg leave-[past] He left. c. tógfaidh leave-[fut] sé. he sé. he sé. he He will leave. d. Irish also has a fourth tense called the imperfect [imp], generic, habitual. e. thógadh leave-[imp] He has left. sé. he

25 (25) Aspect and Voice a. Perfective [perf], progressive [prog] b. Active [ ], passive [pass]

26 (26) Verb forms: a. Finite and non-finite b. Infinitives are non-finite c. Non-finite do not have φ-features.

27 (27) French a. Je I I leave. b. partir. leave-[inf] pars. leave-[1.sing.pres] c. Je mange. I eat-[1.sing.pres] I eat d. manger eat-[inf]

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