Number cat SINGULAR vs cats PLURAL

Transcription

1 Feature structures

2 Number cat SINGULAR vs cats PLURAL

3 Number grammatical category of number cat SINGULAR vs cats PLURAL

4 Gender and number ragazzo msg tifel msg ragazza fsg tifla fsg ragazzi mpl tfal pl ragazze fpl

5 Grammatical categories

6 Criteria notional/semantic formal/morphological distributional/syntactic

7 1) Semantic: a. Nouns are words that name persons, places or things boy, garden, car, air, idea b. Verbs are words that describe activities work, sleep

8 2) Morphological: a. verbs: eats, ate, eat, eating, eaten, *ins, *smalling, *tablen b. adjectives: e.g. smallest, *eatest, *inest

9 3) Syntactic a. adjective: i) (the/a) man ii) (the/a) man is iii) very b. noun: the

10 Dual membership cut, peel

11 Subclasses verb: in/transitive, mono-transitive/ ditransitive, full/auxiliary, modal/ non-modal noun: common/proper, concrete/abstract, mass/count

12 Parts of speech (traditional word classes) a. open: noun, verb, adjective, adverb b. closed: pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection, particle, article/determiner, modals

13 a. terminal: N, AUX, V, DET, M b. phrasal: S, NP, VP, Pred

14 a. major/lexical categories: N, V, A, P b. minor/functional categories: Det, Aux, Mod, Comp c. grammatical categories: gender, number, tense, mood etc.

15 grammatical categories: gender: feminine, masculine, neutral, animate, inanimate, nominal class,... number: singular, plural, collective, dual, trial, paucal,... tense: present, past, future mood: active, passive,... etc.

16 gender: feminine, masculine masculine [- fem], unmarked feminine [+ fem] marked MASC FEM kiteb vs. kitb -et [-fem] [+fem] tifel vs. tifl -a [-fem] [+fem]

17 N V noun + - verb - + adjective + + preposition - -

18 +N -N +V A V -V N P

19 Italian noun +F -F +PL ragazzi ragazze -PL ragazza ragazzo

20 Back to feature structures

21 grammatical category of number cat SINGULAR vs cats PLURAL

22 cat [number: singular] cats [number: plural]

23 Feature structures [number: singular] [number: plural]

24 number: singular attribute/ value feature

25 Feature structures features values

26 Feature structures in different models of grammar LFG (Lexical Functional Grammar): f-structures GPSG (Generealised Phrase Structure Grammar): feature bundles, feature matrices, categories, FUG (Functional Unifcation Grammar): functional structures DCG (Definite Clause Grammars): terms PATR-II: dags (directed acyclic graph)

27 A feature structure is a set of feature-value pairs

28 feature value featurevalue pairs number: singular gender: feminine number: third

29 A feature structure can be represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) with: nodes = variable values paths = variable names

30 Feature matrix tifl-a number: singular gender: feminine

31 DAG number singular gender feminine

32 Feature structures as functions Feature structures are partial functions from features to values singular number plural feminine gender masculine f(number) = singular

33 ... E.g. the squaring function e.g. n 2, 2 2 = 4, 3 2 = 9 etc. f sq (2) = 4 f sq (3) = 9 f sq (4) = 16

34 Features/feature names, attributes: number, gender, category, etc. Feature values: singular, plural, feminine, etc.

35 Values may be: atoms, feature structures ALSO: sets, binary, numeric, strings, lists

36 Atomic value [number: singular] atomic value

37 Feature structure as value agreement: number: singular gender: feminine feature structure as value

38 Feature and values feature value agreement: number: singular gender: feminine feature value

39 How can we represent categories as feature structures?

40 +N -N +V A V -V N P

41 The major lexical category noun Feature (name): N Feature value: + or Feature (name): V Feature value: + or

42 The major lexical category noun N: + V:

43 Feature (name): major category or mjcat Feature value: feature structure

44 Feature structure as value mjcat: N: + V: Do the same with verbs, adjectives, and prepositions.

45 (Partial) feature structure for the verb kiteb write mjcat: N: V: + agreement: number: singular gender: masculine person: third

46 (Partial) feature structure for the verb kiteb write mjcat: N: V: + agreement: number: singular gender: masculine person: third tense: past

47 Do the same for: kitbet she wrote ktibtu you(pl) wrote tikteb she writes niktbu we write

48 Using binary values + and for gender and number mjcat: N: V: + agreement: plural: feminine: person: third

49 Do the same for: kitbet she wrote ktibtu you wrote tikteb she writes niktbu we write

50 Using short forms as feature names mjcat: N: V: + agr: pl: fm: prs: 3