PROCESS TYPES IN SCIENTIC ENGLISH CLAUSES: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS
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1 PROCESS TYPES IN SCIENTIC ENGLISH CLAUSES: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS Agus Sucipto Sutiono Mahdi Eva Tuckyta Sari Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia ABSTRACT The present research investigates into the process types of scientific English clauses.the data is obtained from two books, Environmental Chemistry and General Chemistry: Principles and Structure. The collected data is taken randomly. They are analyzed based on the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics Analysis established by Halliday (1985. The method used in this researchis descriptive.the result of the research reveals that the English scientific clauses use five types of process, namely, relational process, material process, existential process, mental process and verbal process. The dominant process type is the relational process, 52.72%. The material process is 36.36%; existential process is 3.64%; mental process is 3.64%; verbal process is 3.64%. KEYWORDS: Systemic Functional Linguistics, Process types, English scientific, clauses, relational process, material process, existential process, mentalprocess, verbal process INTRODUCTION Systemic Functional Linguistics was established by Halliday (1985) in his popular book, An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1985). According to Halliday, language is a system of meaning. When people use languages, their language acts are the expression of meaning. Functional grammar views language as a resource of making meaning. In line with Martin, Matthiessen, and Painter (1997, p1) Functional grammar is a way of looking at grammar in terms of how grammar is used. This is well-known as Halliday s theory, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) concerns to the text in three different meta function of meaning. The ability of understanding texts and constructing contexts is supported by the existence of a systemic relationship between text andcontext. The wordings of text simultaneously encode three types of meaning. They are ideational meaning (Transitivity), interpersonal meaning (Mood), and textual meaning (Theme). The ideational meaning concerns on the meaning of things and ideas of the text. They are realized in the clause by option from transitivity pattern- processes, participants, and circumstances. 389
2 Then, the textual meaning concerns on how the language is contextually and co-textually relevant. They are realized in thematic and information systems, including cohesion. It other words, we consider each clause as a message. And, the interpersonal meaning concerns mood and residue. The mood consists of subject and finite whereas the residue is the rest of the mood. There are two types of residue, indicative and imperative. The indicative is classified into declarative and interrogative (Sujatna, 2013: 51). In this article, the writer investigates process types in scientific English clauses. Scientific English as another scientific language has the main characters is structured logically-ideas and processes are expressed in a logical order (Learning Development, University of Leicester: 2009).In scientific English texts, choosing the words should be considered carefully, what the words are used and the ways in which are used. The Process is usually filled by a verb or a verbal group. Bloor and Bloor (2004: 109) states that process centers on that part of the clause that is realized by the verbal group, but it can be also be regarded as what going-on are represented in the whole clause. In line with Bloor & Bloor, Deterding and Poedjosoedarmo (2001), process is events which occur or states that exists. It indicatesthat some verbs are not doing words, but rather express states of being or having. Besides the process,there is another important element in the clause, the participant. Each process is associated with different participant roles in different configuration (Eggins, 2004). In line with Eggins, Gerot and Wignel (1994:54) state, Participants and Circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings, feelings and beings. It means there are possibly different kinds of goings on, which necessarily involve different kinds of participants in variouscircumstances. Halliday, in Deterding and Poedjoesoedarmo (2001:112), identifies six types of processes, namely material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, and existential. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The writer conducts the research based on the questions as follows: 1. What process types used in scientific English clauses? 2. What process types frequently found in scientific English clauses? METHODOLOGY The writers apply descriptive method in this research. It is commonly used to analyze the parts of the clauses based on Systemic Functional Linguistics approach. On the other hand, the writers also use a qualitative method in this research. Data Sources The data is taken from two books. The first book is Environmental Chemistry, written by Stanley E. Manahan, published by Lewis Publishers. The second book is General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, written by James E. Brady, published by John Wiley and Sons, New York in
3 Technique The technique used by the writers in collecting clauses is as follows; first, the writers read the data. The data is taken randomly from the mentioned books above. The data is in the form of clauses. Later, the writers analyze the clauses based on the process types. Finally, the writers explain the data and take conclusion. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The writers collect the data; 7 paragraphs are selected containing 55 clauses. The writers follow 4 stages in analyzing the data. First, the writers select the paragraphs randomly from two books. Later, the writers make simple tables of process type analyses to observe the process types in each clause. Furthermore, the writers observe the process types in each clause. In this stage, the writers are able to recognize various types of the process used in the books. Based on the research, the writers found five kinds of process types in the selected clauses. They are Relational Processes, Material Processes, Existential Processes, Mental processes and Verbal Processes. The writers did not find the behavioral process. And, the dominant process used is The Relational Process, %. The Material Process is 36.36%; Existential Process is 3.64%; Mental Process is 3.64%; Verbal Process is 3.64%. Material Process The writers found material process, as a process of doing. It can be followed by some participants, agents or goals. And additional information is circumstance, as the following example. (1) A large portion of the water is found in the oceans. Goal Material Circumstance: location The example (1) gives the fact that the process belongs to Material, as the process of doing. It is represented by a verb phrase is found. The participant involved in the clause is the Goal, A large portion of the water, as a noun phrase. And the common obligatory participant, Actor, in the example (1) does not appear because the clause in form of passive voice that the presence of an actor is sometimes omitted. In the passive voice, the goal becomes subject. Another finding is the presence of minor system, Circumstance, which involved in the clause, in the oceans. It has function to expand the clause, in this case to identify the location. The following is another example; (2) This, in turn, can profoundlyaffect the chemical and biological characteristics of bodies of water. Actor Material Goal The example (2) shows that can profoundly affect,is classified into Material Process, as a process of doing. The participants involved in the clause 14 are Actor, This, as the reference to the subject 391
4 matter of previous clause in purpose the paragraph to be cohesive, and Goal, the chemical and biological characteristics of bodies of water. The Goal, the chemical and biological characteristics of bodies of wateris affected by the activity of the Actor, This. The next example is, as follows; (3) In this sense, then, the mole might be called a chemical unit Circ: manner Beneficiary Material Goal The example(3) shows that,might be called,is classified into Material Process, as process of doing. The participants involves in the example (3) is Goal, achemical unit and Beneficiary, the mole, it has benefit from the process. The clause traditionally called ditransitive clause. And the common obligatory participant,actor, in the example above does not exist because the clause in form of passive voice so that the present of an actor is sometimes omitted. In the passive voice, the goal becomes subject. Another finding is the present of minor system, Circumstance, In this sense. It has function to expand the meaning of the clause as manner. Relational Process Relational process according to Halliday in Martin et al. (1997: 106)is a generalization of the traditional notion of copula constructions. Relational processes involve state of being (including having). They can be classified into two modes, attribution (attributive process) and identification (identifying process). Identifying processes are processes which determine an identity while attributive processes are to assign a quality. The participant sroles involve in identifying processes are token and value whereas in attributive processes are carrier and attribute. The following examples are below; (4) The result is increased rain runoff, erosion, and accumulation of silt Token Relational: Value identifying in bodies of water. Circumstance: location The example (4) shows that the process belongs to Relational. The Relational Process involves state of being. It is represented by a finite, is.the participants involved are Token, The result, as a nominal group, and another participant, Value, increased rain runoff, erosion, andaccumulation of silt in bodies of water. The mode of this Relational Process is Identifying. It establishes an identity. As the clause above shows the Value, increased rain runoff, erosion, andaccumulation of silt in bodies of water, gives an identity to the Token, The result. To identify whether the clause belongs to Relational Process with Identifying Mode, the participants in Identifying are reversible, as follow: Increased rain runoff, erosion, and accumulation of silt Value in bodies of water Circumstance: location is Relational: identifying the result Token 392
5 The type of relational process here is intensive. Intensive relational process involves two terms to establish, where the relationship is expressed by the verb be or another synonym, in this clause, is. Another finding is the presence of minor system, Circumstance, in bodies of water.this circumstance expands the information of the clause as to give information the location. Another example is; In arid regions, Circumstance: location a small fraction of the water supply Carrier (5) comes Relational: attributive: circumstantial From the ocean, Attribute Clause 5 gives the fact that the process belongs to Relational. The relational process involves state of being. It is represented by a verb, comes.the participants involved in this clause are Carrier, a small fraction of the water supply, as a nominal group, and another participant, Attribute, from the ocean. In the relational process which has the mood attributive, it assigns a quality. As the clause above shows the Attribute, from the ocean, it gives a quality to the Carrier, a small fraction of the water supply. There is an additional explanation to the rational process in the clause, that is, the type of the relational process. Another finding is the presence of minor system, Circumstance, In arid regions,. This circumstance is to expand the clause as giving information of the location. Existential Process Existential processes are processes of existent. The participant in existential processes expressed by the real subject of the clause, we call it existent, and it can be followed by locative circumstance. Bloor & Bloor (2004: 125) argue there are two types of existential processes; with a copular verb, and with an empty there as subject and with a copular verb, while the existent functions as the subject and usually as circumstantial adjunct. (6) There is a strong connection between the hydrosphere Existential Existent Circ: role The word,there,has no representational function. It is needed since it is demanded as the subject in the clause. The participant is Existent, a strong connection, a noun phrase. Actually, Existent, a strong connection, is a real subject of the clause. Then, Existent, a strong connection, is followed by Circumstance, as role, hydrosphere. Mental Process Mental processes are the verbs of sensing-feeling, thinking, perceiving. There are three types: affective or reactive (feeling), cognitive (thinking), and perceiving (perceiving through the five senses). Participant roles in mental processes are the one who experiences the process called sense or experience and thing which is experienced is named phenomenon. 393
6 (7) and we also have seen that moles of these substances react in the same whole-number ratios. Senser Mental: Phenomenon perceiving The example (7) shows that have seenis classified into Mental Process, as process of perceiving. The participants involve in the clause is Senser or Experiencer, we, as a pronoun which experiences the process therefore the participant is called Experiencer, and another participant is Phenomenon, that moles of these substances react in the same whole-number ratios, as an embedded clause called Fact Phenomenon. Verbal Process Verbal processes are processes of saying. The participants in verbal processes are sayer, quoted, recipient, verbiage, and target. Bloor & Bloor (2004: 122) define sayer as the person who produces the utterance, to whom we give self-explanatory and the representation of the words actually spoken which in this context we label quoted. As something spoken or quoted, it can be called direct speech. (8) Earlier it was stated that a mole consists of X objects Sayer Verbal Verbiage The example (8) shows that,was stated,is classified into Verbal Process, as process of saying or symbolically signaling. The participants involve in the clause is Sayer, it. In this clause the Sayer is not a conscious being. The other participant is Verbiage,a mole consists of X objects. CONCLUSION Based on the result of the research, it is concluded that the English scientific clauses use five types of process, namely, relational processes, material processes, existential processes, mental processes and verbal processes. The dominant process type is the relational process. As The relational process involves state of being (including having) has an important role in education field including scientific English. REFERENCES Deterding, D.H., & Poedjosoedarmo, G.R. (2001).Grammar of English. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Garot, L., &Wignell, P. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Gerd Stabler. Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold. Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Queensland: Gerd Stabler. 394
7 Quick, R., & Greenbaum. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of The English Language. England. Longman Group UK Limited. Sujatna, E.T.S. (2008). Tata Bahasa Fungsional. Bandung: UVULA Press.. (2010).Verbs of Perception in Relational Process: A Functional Grammar Approach. Proceedings of International Seminar Universitas Padjadjaran Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, (pp ). Bandung, Indonesia.. (2012).Transitivity in Sundanese Clause: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach. Proceedings of International Seminar of Mother Language, June 19-20, 2012 (pp ). Bandung, Indonesia.. (2013). Understanding Systemic Functional Linguistics. Bandung: Unpad Press Thematic Progression of The Sundanese Female Writers. International Journal of Linguistics, 4 (4), University of Leicester. (2009). Writing for science. Retrieved from William, D.J. (2005). The Teacher s Grammar Book. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 395
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