MSE 2701: Sounds of Human Language. Intro to Phonetics and Phonetic Transcription

Transcription

1 MSE 2701: Sounds of Human Language Intro to Phonetics and Phonetic Transcription

2 Outline for today What is phonetics? What are phonemes? Articulators and distinctive features International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA Transcription

3 Outline for today What is phonetics? What are phonemes? Articulators and distinctive features International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA Transcription

4 Before we begin... Letters and sounds are not same thing! Some letters represent more than one sound recall vs. receive gear vs. siege Some letters represent no sound at all receive, use Sometimes, two lettesr represent one sound recall, phonetics The same sound can be represented by different letters shy, mission, machine, special, caution

5 Phonetics What is phonetics? Study of sounds used to produce and perceive speech Three branches: Articulatory phonetics: study of speech sound production Acoustic phonetics: study of acoustic properties of speech Auditory phonetics: study of speech sound perception

6 Phonemes Phonemes: Minimal distinctions in spoken language that cause differences in meaning Distinct from letters in written language Described in terms of how y are produced (articulated) Phonemes are defined by minimal pairs words that differ in only one phoneme Examples of English minimal pairs: beach vs. peach dart vs. tart beetle vs. beagle ors...?

7 Phonemes Two basic types of phonemes common in many languages: Consonants Created by obstructing airflow in vocal tract Examples: /b/ /t/ /s/ /n/ Vowels Little to no obstruction of airflow Examples: /i/ /e/ /u/ /oʊ/

8 palate is a small frontal incisors) are familiar enough structures. Just behind up air passages within nose depend on soft tissues of variable size. tongue vocal i tip ofof is a small protubeiance that you can feel with part f o m sounds are called The parts of vocal tract that can be used back wall of 4 to Articulatory Phonetics articulators. The articulators that form lower surface of vocal tract on upper surf often move toward those that form upper surface. Try ridge. word You can also feel that name called saying alveolar specific front part o T hpa ev and lips. You will face of vocal 2 Articulatory"capital" Phoneticsand note major movements of your tongue of mouth is formed by a bony structure. This is hard that back ofwhen tongue makes contact with roof ofhave mouth will probably to use fingertip to feel back. Mostpair pe hem to vibrate.find Sounds produced Sue, zoo" afirst consonant in furr first word of each for soundtoand nincomes down for following vowel. The lips not curl tongue upin farenough to touch softto palate, or velu second word, it is ' voiced. check this for whereas said to be voiced, as first opposed those p and n come apart again in come toger in formation of just consonant at beginning of each of se words back of mouth. The soft palate is a muscular flap that can bea which are said to be voiceless. andback hear suggested and above. Tryoff to find or p some people, forvoicing vowel. and Theatongue tip sound, comes up for t and again, pressfor against wall of aspharynx shut nasal ce between a voiced voiceless that are distinguished by one having a voiced and or ha final venting air from going out through nose. In this case re is h we will symbolize as 1.[vvvvv]. Now comless consonant. velic closure. This action separates larynx nasal from ora The names for principal parts of upper surface of vocal Thetract air passages above aretract known as vocal [fffffl, saying each of m alternatelythat teeth Bir can go shows out only mouth. At (actually lower endmo areformed given in in Figure (notably 1.1 irthrough location within head within hese sounds are same1.2. waythe in upper lip and upper shape of vocal tract is a very important factor in up palate is a small appendage arebut familiar behind upper teeth hanging down that is known as ween m is frontal that [v]incisors) is voiced [fl isenough structures. Just speech, and refer to a diagram tongue. vocal tract between uvula and larynxofis kind phart tip ofof This iswe willoften is ainsmall al cord vibrations [v] ifprotubeiance you put yourthat fin-you can feel with part superimposed on photograph in Figure 1.1. Learn to dr back wall Upper of be considered to benote onethat of airar surface tractpharynx by tracingmay diagram in this figure. can also hear buzzing of vibrations on upper surface of vocal make up vocal tract tract. may befigure divided 1.3 into shows oral tractlow with of vocal tract your ears while contrasting [fffffvwvv]. and pharynx, and parts nasalof tract that nose.form The upper specific names for different within tongue l ced and voiceless sounds is often important nasal tract has been marked with a dotted line since exact b face of 1.2 vocalthe tract: Figure principal parts of upper surface of vocal trac h of pairs of words "fat, vat; thigh, thy; air passages within nose depend on soft tissues of varia Articulators The parts of vocal tract that can be used to f o m soun articulators. The articulators that form lower surface of th often move toward those that form upper surface. Try say 1.3 l "capital" and note major movements of yourfigure tongue and find that back of tongue makes contact with roof for first sound and n comes down for following The tip andvob come toger in formation of p and n come apart is what is t t and again, for som vowel. The tongue tip comes up for blade forward part of th final 1. The names for principal parts of upper surface of th when tongue are given in Figure 1.2. The upper lip divided and upper into teeth frontal incisors) are familiar enough structures. Just behind th beneath soft p is a small protubeiance that you can feel with tip of to root, which is o attached to lo Figure 1.2 The principal parts of upper surface of vocal tract.surface Lower Figure 1.1 The vocal tract. Bearing all th of vocal tract a rough descriptio m, airstream will cause m to vibrate. Sounds produced when sounds. You sho vocal cords are vibrating are said to be voiced, as opposed to those in Thenof Figure 1.3 The principal parts of lower surface back vocal an tra which vocal cords are apart, which are said to be voiceless. I

9 Distinctive Features Consonants Consonants Created by obstructing airflow in vocal tract Described by three distinctive features Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing

10 Place of Articulation (or just "Place") Figure 1.4 Places of articulation: 1 Bilabial; 2 Labiodental; 3 ~ental,; 4 Alveolar; 5 Retroflex; 6 Palato-Alveolar; 7 Palatal; 8 Velar. Figure 1.1 The vocal tract.

11 Manner of Articulation (or just "Manner") Figure 1.5 The positions of vocal organs in bilabial stop in "buy." Figure 1.6 The position of vocal organs during bilabial nasal stop in "my."

12 Distinctive Features Vowels Vowels Little to no obstruction of airflow Described by three distinctive features Height Backness Rounding

13 Vowel Height and Backness front back high I mid low Figure 1.9 The relativepositions of highestpoinrs of tongue in vowels in I heed, 2 hid, 3 head, 4 had, 5 far, 6 good, 7 food. Figure 1.8 The positions of vocal organs for vowels in words I heed, 2 hid, 3 head, 4 had, 5 far, 6 good, 7 food. The lip positions for vowels 2,3, and 4 are in between those shown for I and 5. The lip position for vowel 6 is between those shown for I and 7.

14 Outline for today What is phonetics? What are phonemes? Articulators and distinctive features International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA Transcription

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17 IPA Examples for English

18 IPA Examples for English

19 Outline for today What is phonetics? What are phonemes? Articulators and distinctive features International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA Transcription

20 IPA Transcription Practice Write se words in IPA: RING ACCENT JUDGE CHURCH TENTH PEELS Write se words in English: /b i t / /k I k/ /j s / /f I / /w ei t/