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1 1 Finegan, Edward, Language. Its Structure and Use. 3 rd edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Pp. xxvi paperback, ISBN Reviewed by Ingo Plag, University of Hannover Working in an English department in Germany, I used different texts over the years in my introduction to linguistics classes until I finally settled for Finegan/Besnier's Language. Its structure and use. Although I haven't been enthusiastic about everything in there, my students were especially happy with its focus on English (but with frequent reference to other languages) and the mixture of accessible firm information and open problems that characterizes the overall presentation. It therefore seemed to be a good compromise between the students' longing for 'secure' knowledge and my own preference for problem-oriented teaching. What has the third edition of this textbook to offer? Quite a lot, as I will show in the following. Strictly speaking, this new edition is no longer a classical text book. More than 600 pages can hardly be digested by even the most dedicated students in a onesemester course and the (accordingly) higher price will unfortunately not motivate all beginners to buy a copy. In terms of contents, instructors have to make a careful choice what to use in their specific course: apart from chapters on what is usually considered the core areas of linguistics (phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics), one can find introductions to diverse sub-fields such as language universals and linguistic typology, language variation, registers, dialects, writing, language change, the history of English and first and second language
2 2 acquisition. Although most of these topics will not be touched upon in an average introductory linguistics course, they are certainly very useful for the students as basic references for later, more specialized courses or for the preparation of their exams (more detailed annotated references are provided at the end of each chapter). Due to its clear and well-structured presentation the book can also easily be used for teacher-independent study. In general, the coverage of the different sub-fields of linguistics is quite satisfactory, and only occasionally was I tempted to frown at some particular choices made. Let me point out only three of these points. I begin with the phonology chapter, which - in the parts dealing with English - is almost exclusively concerned with American English pronunciation and transcription conventions, a fact unfortunately not even explicitly mentioned by the author. This is a potential source of considerable confusion which teachers on this side of the Atlantic should make their students aware of. Another controversial point is Finegan's introduction to the notion of meaning, in which he makes no mention at all of the traditional distinction between 'reference' and 'sense'. Instead, the text creates the impression that reference to the real world is the essence of meaning ("The meaning of a word or sentence is the person, object, abstract notion, event or state to which the word or sentence makes reference. The meaning of John Smith, for example, is the person who goes by that name." p.185). One wonders how the following section on sense relations (labeled 'Lexical semantics' pp ) can make sense at all without 'sense'. Ironically, this is acknowledged by the author in his concluding remarks of the said section, when he uses the term 'sense' for the first time (and too late): "For lexical semantics to be
3 3 useful, it must be applied to particular areas of the lexicon where word senses have shared characteristics" (p. 201). Only in the glossary's entry for 'meaning' do we find the two most fundamental aspects of meaning represented: "The term used to refer to the senses and referents of expressions". The status of crucial notions such as 'concept' or 'sense' is nowhere discussed. The only section of the book which I really disliked was the second part of the syntax chapter (under the headings 'Surface structure and deep structure', 'Transformations', 'Constraints on transformations', pp ), which presents a model of generative grammar that has rested in peace for quite a few years by now. Note that my point is not that intro to linguistics books should present the most recent syntactic model in fashion. Given the speed with which new models are born and overthrown in linguistics, this seems not the best way to educate beginning students. Rather we (and our introductory books) should teach students the basic tools of the trade, which can then be employed in analyses in any syntactic framework around. Thus, I would have liked to see more syntactic argumentation instead of (out-dated) syntactic modeling. There are, however, numerous chapters that are a real pleasure to read. I liked best the one on language universals and typology (clear and concise), the one on information structure (very useful especially for non-native speakers and writers, irrespective of the point that the author's concept of 'pragmatics' as equivalent to 'information structure' is rather idiosyncratic), and the section of the historical linguistics chapter dealing with the reconstruction of Proto-Polynesian. All chapters are accompanied by the usual exercises on English and other languages, some of
4 4 them repetitive, most of them problem-oriented (an answer key to the questions is available from the publishers). Beside the coverage of a broader range of topics, the most remarkable feature of the new edition are three types of truly innovative sections I have not yet seen in other textbooks. Preceding each chapter, one finds some invented, but realistic situations described where the reader is encouraged to give their advice or opinion as language expert. Given that novices often fail to see the relevance of linguistic analyses, these 'What do you think?'-sections are extremely welcome. For illustration consider one of the five problems preceding the chapter on 'The sounds systems of language' (p. 105): You are working in an office and get a written message from the secretary that your friend Jewel Spiker called. The message reads: "Call Jules Biker." When you return the call, you tell Jewel about the misspelling and she reports that she pronounced her name clearly and wonders what accounts for the secretary's perception of p as b. What do you tell her? The second major innovation is a final section on the use of computers in the subdiscipline introduced in the pertinent chapter. These sections provide information on computer-based research or applications such as speech synthesis, parsing, machine translation, computer-assisted language learning, and the use of electronic text corpora for the study of semantics, syntax, pragmatics, language change and language variation. The third novelty are sections appended to each chapter which focus on internet resources. Dozens of interesting linguistics sites are listed and briefly described, and even experienced netizens will find something new and fascinating
5 5 among them. There is even an internet site for readers of the book itself, which, however, is not well maintained. Thus announcements of future links "coming spring 1999" had still failed to materialize by the time of writing this review (i.e. September 1999). Needless to say, some of the URLs given in the book have already changed but this is inevitable in a world where such addresses change at a speed that cannot be matched by old-fashioned media such as books. Writing a good text book is an extremely difficult and perilous task. As teachers, we all want to have excellent textbooks to teach with, as scholars we are reluctant to write them, and as reviewers we don't like them because they don't express our own particular view of the field. This book is a very good compromise concerning all three points. It is a good book to teach with, it presents the field in a way that most linguists can go along with, and - above all - it saves me the trouble to write one of my own (though I might still do it one of these days...). Reviewer's Adress: Ingo Plag Englisches Seminar Universität Hannover Königsworther Platz 1 D Hannover Germany plag@mbox.anglistik.uni-hannover.de
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