CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. Pragmatics studies the meaning of utterances with attention to the context

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background Pragmatics studies the meaning of utterances with attention to the context in which the utterances are made (Allan, 2016). Meanwhile, Pragmatics is also the study of language use in context (Huang in Allan, 2016). Yule (1996) and Leech (1983) state that pragmatics is about the study of meaning as communicated by the speaker or writer and interpreted by the hearer or reader and the study of meaning in the particular context and the relationship of meaning in the speech situation. Yan Huang adds that Pragmatics is the systematic study of meaning by virtue of, or dependent on, the usage of language. The central topics of inquiry include implicature, presupposition, speech acts, deixis, and reference (Huang in Allan, 2016). Meanwhile, Yule (1996) also explains that pragmatics is the study of expression of relative distance. On the assumption of how close or distance the listener is, speakers determine how much it needs to be said. After seeing those theories above, the researcher concludes that pragmatics is the study of meanings, which relates to a certain context, communicated by the speaker or writer and interpreted by the hearer or reader. Both the speaker or 1 1

2 writer and the hearer or reader are bound by the notion of distances to determine the level of the closeness among them. A linguistic interaction is necessarily a social interaction and it is bound by the factors which are related to the social distance. The factors which are related to the social distance and the closeness are established prior to an interaction and hence are largely external factors. They are typically involving the relative status of the participants, based on the social values tied to such things as age and power (Yule, 1996: 59). The external factor is dominant when the social distance is determined. Usually when natives meet a stranger they call the stranger with a title and a last name, but not the first name. (e. g. Mrs. Clinton, Dr. Dan and Mr. Green). The internal factor is an initial name. We call our friend with an initial name or a first name because this is typically more relevant to participants whose social relationship is actually in the process of being worked out within the interaction. Based on that case, the influence of social distance which is related by factors, both internal and external factors, is normally carried out in terms of politeness (Yule, 1996). The terms of politeness brings two aspects, face and politeness itself. Face means public self-image of a person. It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. Politeness is defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person s face. Showing awareness for another person s face when that other seems socially 2

3 distant is often described in terms of respect or difference. For example excuse me, Mr. Clark, but can I talk you for a minute? it shows the politeness of a student to a teacher and the sentence Hi, Clark, got a minute? shows a politeness of friend to friend (Yule, 1996). In other case, Grice in Haugh (2015) states that Politeness is the chief motivation for indirectness. This claim was built on the observation that some requests are realized not through imperatives (e.g. pass me the salt), which in Speech Act theory us treated as the so-called basic sentence type for directives and thus a direct speech act (Searle 1969, 1979), but rather indirectly through interrogatives (e.g. can you pass me the salt?) or declaratives (e.g. this could do with a little more salt) (Haugh, 2015). In the pragmatics study, in attempting to express themselves, people not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words, but also perform actions via those utterances. For example the compliment is performed in you are so delicious, the acknowledgement of thanks is performed in you re welcome, or the expression of surprise is performed in you are crazy! (Yule, 1996). Yule (1996): action performed via utterances is called speech act. In English, the utterances are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise or request. On any occasion the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts. They are: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. 3

4 The locutionary act is simply the speech act that has taken place (Moore, 2001). The locutionary act is the basic of utterance. The locutionary act can produce a meaningful linguistic expression. The researcher assumes that this act can be called as context builder because this act will start the communication among the speaker and the hearer, but this act is sometimes dominated by the speaker to intend a dialogue with the hearer. For example I make a cake (Yule, 1996). The illocutionary act is the real action which is performed by the utterance (Moore, 2001). The illocutionary act is the utterance, which is uttered by the speaker, with some communicative purpose. This act can be the advanced of locutionary act which makes illocutionary act become illocutionary force because the utterance contains any perform to request, to offer or even to command. For example I make a cake. Do you want a piece? (Yule, 1996). Yule (1996) and Moore (2001) determine the types of illocutionary act in to 5 types. Those types are: declaration, representative (but Searle (1979) in Leech (1983) calls this type as assertive and so does Leech (1983)), expressive, directive, commissive. The researcher will explain these types of illocutionary acts in the next chapter. The perlocutionary acts are the effect of the utterance on the listener (Moore, 2001). The perlocutionary act is the effect which appears after illocutionary act was performed. This act is rather direct to the interpretation of illocutionary act. If interpretation works properly, the hearer will do the request from the speaker. This happening is called perlocutionary effect. For example 4

5 john; jack, I have a cake. Do you want a piece? / jack: oh Sure. (Come and take a piece). (Yule, 1996). Meanwhile, Leech (2014) also researches the illocutions through illocutionary goals and social goals his illocutions are called illocutionary functions but in this research he mentions about the usage of illocutionary function which concerns more on heuristic strategies of interpretations, looking at politeness from the addressee s rather than from the speaker s end. He categorizes illocutionary function into four types. Those types are: competitive, collaborative, convivial, and conflictive. The researcher will explain these types of illocutionary functions in the next chapter. The researcher realizes that the illocutionary functions have relationship with illocutionary acts in constructing the interaction and taking a role in characterizing the types of interaction, so that those functions are needed to analyze, how those function can construct an interaction, what function is used in constructing the communication and finally why the function must be used like that. However, the observations of illocuionary acts in the pragmatics research are still limited in the single illocution analysis for example the command analysis in five dimensions only (Agustina, 2011). Furthermore, this research does not explore the illocutionary functions from Leech. The researcher on this research only investigates the illocutionary acts to show the kinds of command such as 5

6 bald on record, off record, positive and negative politeness, so that the effects of Illocutionary Function do not become the main purpose of this research. Other observations from Nemani (2013) and Muttaqin (2013), which use speech act analysis, have already researched the illocutionary acts based on Searle classification, but they do not give the whole data to contribute the relation of Illocutionary Function in this approach. The goal focuses on how much the illocutionary acts in Searle classification are frequently used. The Illocutionary Function itself has already become the aspect of the study of pragmatics in illocutionary acts analysis. However, the research in using Illocutionary Function is still based on perlocutionary effects only. It depends in illocutionary acts by Searle and grammar analysis to show the structure components (Santoso, Sujatno, and Mahdi, 2014) and not to show the Illocutionary Function based on Leech categories. Furthermore, this research does not show the relation between the data of illocutionary acts and Illocutionary Functions. Meanwhile, Arif and Mugableh (2013), who observe the role of illocutionary acts, do not include the Illocutionary Function of Leech categories. They just use the Searle categories in commissive acts that further their research focus on expression on promising among Jordanian. The observers in this research includes he age and gender to observe more effects in uttering the promising and controlling the politeness strategy that the Jordanian used while promising 6

7 something to each other. So the role of Illocutionary Function does not give many contributions in this research. Based on the review above, the researcher has many occasions to observe Illocutionary Function in international language especially in English because there are many researchers that still observe the speech act based on general illocutionary acts which leave a problem which is related to Illocutionary Function based on Leech categories. Hey do not observe the effect of Illocutionary Function in constructing the meaning of illocution. Finally, they do not observe the effect of Illocutionary Function in constructing the interaction in the structure of conversation. B. Research Objectives Based on the gaps of research which have been collected this research tries to find the Illocutionary Function, which is related to the illocutionary acts in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. The more specific purposes of this research are: 1. To find the Illocutionary Functions, illocutionary act and politeness strategies that are often used in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. 2. To explore how the illocutionary acts influence the Illocutionary Function in the conversation when the speaker says an expression or command in the Film X-Men: The Wolverine. 7

8 3. To explore why Illocutionary Function is very important in constructing the structure of interaction, so that this function can show the cultural theme in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. C. Research Questions Based on the research objectives, this research will explore and describe the Illocutionary Function in the film X-Men: The Wolverine and the effect toward the language style. Next, the research questions will be formulated in detail as mentioned: 1. What are the politeness strategies, the Illocutionary Functions, and illocutionary act that are often used in the film X-Men: The Wolverine? 2. How illocutionary acts trigger the Illocutionary Function in the conversation when the speaker was uttering an expression or command in that popular film? 3. Why is Illocutionary Function very important to construct the structure of interaction, so that this function can show the cultural theme in the film X- Men: The Wolverine? D. Research Significance Hopefully, this research can describe completely about the Illocutionary Function in the conversation inside the film. By involving the illocutionary act, the research can describe how the illocution and the perlocution are connected at each other in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. The researcher realizes that the research about speech acts is only limited on the usage of illocutionary acts, so 8

9 that this research will show the relation between illocution and perlocution to construct an interaction. Second, this research will detect the usage of Illocutionary Function as the effect in uttering an expression or command in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. The researches of illocutionary acts are still limited on the general usage of illocutionary acts and limited on the specific illocutionary act from the total of illocutionary act. Based on those research gaps, this research will reveal the illocutionary acts that trigger the hearer to show Illocutionary Function when the characters in that popular film have an interaction. This research will demonstrate how Illocutionary Function can construct the style of communication. In this time, Speech acts is still used and observed by the other observers as the basic observation of single interaction only. The researches of speech act did not discuss the relation between illocutionary act and perlocutionary act to construct an interaction. Finally this research will record the most usage of the Illocutionary Function in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. This research will show the new perspective in seeing illocutionary act and the illocutionary function that can maximally explore the illocutionary function in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. E. Problem Limitation This research includes the description of Illocutionary Function and how illocutionary act give an effect toward perlocutionary act and the role of Illocutionary Function to construct the conversation in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. The results of this research are used to focus the research of relationship between illocutionary act and perlocutionary act in the film X-Men: 9

10 The Wolverine. The illocutionary function consist of competitive, convivial, collaborative and conflictive (Leech, 1983; Leech, 2014). Finally this research is also limited on what the illocutionary functions are often used based on the segment related power and status, how the process of relationship happen when the characters utter illocutionary act and perlocutionary act and why these illocutionary functions must be used like that. F. Research Methodology This research uses methodology that involves research types, research location, data sources, sampling and validity. Types of research involve 5 units. They are: qualitative, descriptive, study cases, ethnographies and approach. Furthermore, those ways will be used to identify the usage of Illocutionary Function in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. Types of research involve qualitative unit because the qualitative unite uses humans as the instrument of research (Lincoln and Guba in Santosa, 2012). Descriptive unit is used for describing the details and generalities of the object researches (Goetz and LeCompte in Santosa, 2012). Case study unit is used for special description. This unit does not only to describe but also to explain the object of the research (Yin in Santosa, 2012). Ethnography unit is used to observe the research object more objective (Grbich in Santosa, 2012). Approach unit is used to analyze the object research based on the gender, social status, phenomena of the happening in the object research, in dept of text exploration and so on (Grbich in Santosa, 2012). 10

11 Lincoln and Guba in Santosa (2012) state that the research must be focus determined boundary. The meaning is that the research must be based on the focus of research limitation that it has been planned. Spreadley in Santosa (2012) states that research location will involve three aspects of research location. Those aspects are: Settings, participants, and events. Thus, those parts will be the aspects of this research and further, those aspects can be used to identify the usage of Illocutionary Function in the film X-Men: The Wolverine. Data and sources of data are the methodology which involves 2 types of data: primary and secondary data. The contents of primary data are based on the data inside of the object of research. The object of data in this research involves the data of digital media. It means that the primary data will be the finding of the research and then the secondary data will be the review of the filn X-Men: The Wolverine. (Santosa, 2012) Sampling is the methodology to analyze the data which have been obtained. In this research, the researcher uses the Qualitative and purposive sampling. This sampling can be known as snow ball sampling, which is the methodology that takes one datum and then analyzes it until the all data are submitted. (Santosa, 2012) Data validation is the methodology that is used to check and re-check the data validity inside the qualitative research. The research needs the four kinds of technique triangulation to check and re check the data validation, they are: data 11

12 sources triangulation, method triangulation, theoretical triangulation and the researcher s triangulation (Lincoln and Guba; Patton in Santosa, 2012) G. Thesis Organization The thesis in this research will be organized in to: 1. CHAPTER I INTRODAUCTION: A. Research Background, B. research objective, C. Research Question, D. Research Significance, E. Problem Limitation, F. Research Methodology, G. Thesis organization. 2. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW: A. Pragmatics, B. Speech act, C. Classification of Speech Act, D. Politeness, E. Illocutionary Function, F. Classification of Illocutionary Function. 3. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: A. Types of Research, B. Research Location, C. Data and Sources of data, C. Sample and sampling technique, D. Data Validity. 4. CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS: A. Domain Analysis, B. Taxonomy Analysis, C. Componential Analysis, D. Cultural theme analysis. 5. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS: A. Conclusions, B. Suggestions. 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7. APPENDIX 12