Terms. *These are significant as they apply to your writing. You will need to understand how to use these in a sentence.

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1 Pronouns

2 Terms *pronoun *antecedent personal pronouns reflexive pronouns Intensive pronouns reciprocal pronouns *demonstrative pronouns *relative pronouns *indefinite pronouns *These are significant as they apply to your writing. You will need to understand how to use these in a sentence.

3 Definitions Pronouns are words that stand for nouns or for words that take the place of nouns. They help writers and speakers avoid awkward repetition of nouns. Antecedents are nouns to which pronouns refer. Pronouns take their meaning from these words.

4 *Pronouns & Antecedents Michael said he lost his watch at the fair. When the Lees moved, they gave their pets to me. Attending the state fair is tiring, but it is fun. Because of its carnival, Rottwell, Germany is my favorite city.

5 Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), or the person, place, or thing spoken about (third person). First Person Second Person Third Person Personal Pronouns Singular I me my mine you your, yours he, him, his she, her, hers It its Plural we, us our, ours you your, yours they, them their, theirs

6 Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns A reflexive pronoun ends in self or selves and indicates that someone or something in the sentence acts for or on itself. A reflexive pronoun is essential to the meaning of the sentence. An intensive pronoun ends in self or selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the sentence.

7 Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns singular plural first person myself ourselves second person yourself yourselves third person himself, herself, itself themselves < Reflexive or Intensive?

8 Examples Reflexive The settlers prepared themselves for the approaching winter. acting as a direct object: The settlers prepared who or what? The settlers prepared themselves. Intensive John Smith himself wrote an account of the meeting. In the second example, you can omit the pronoun and retain the meaning of the sentence. In the first, you can not.

9 Reciprocal Pronouns Reciprocal pronouns show a mutual action or relationship. Each other and one another refer to a plural antecedent. They express a mutual action or relationship. The two dogs shook water all over each other. The class collected autographs from one another.

10 Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Sometimes the antecedent is not known. what, which, who, whom, & whose Who let the dogs out?

11 *Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out one or more nouns. They direct attention to a specific person, place, or thing. There are only four!! Demonstrative Pronouns singular plural this, that these, those

12 Examples Demonstrative pronouns may come before or after their antecedents. Before That is the ranch I would like to own. After I hope to visit Butte and Helena. Those are my first choices.

13 *This, That, These, Those: Pronoun or Determiner? As you learned, this, that, these, and those can all be determiners in a noun phrase. So, how do you know if they are acting as determiners or as a pronoun? Determiner: A noun will directly follow, and it answers the question, Which one(s)? EX: this potato, these strange Freshman Pronoun: It will act as a subject or object EX: That was easy! I would never buy those.

14 *Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to relate one idea in a sentence to another. These pronouns introduce an adjective clause and connect the clause to the word that the clause modifies. relative pronouns that which who whom whose Sound familiar? You learned about these as one way to fix fragment sentences that lack a subject by affixing predicates onto another sentence.

15 Examples We read a book that contained an account of the settler s experiences. The settlers who had written it described their hardships. The winter, which they knew would be harsh, was fast approaching.

16 *Comma Use: that v. which Do not use commas with that. That introduces restrictive clauses that give you more specific information about a noun (Which noun?), so the clause is necessary and does not take a comma. EX: The blouse that I bought yesterday already ripped! The relative clause gives you more specific information about which blouse is being discussed. Do use commas with which Which introduces a non-restrictive clauses that give more information about an already specified noun. EX: This blouse, which I just bought yesterday, already ripped! It is already clear which blouse is being discussed (this blouse), so the clause is just giving extra, unnecessary information.

17 *Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns sometimes lack a specific antecedent and refer to a person, place, or thing that may or may not be specifically named. Indefinite Pronouns singular plural both another everyone nothing both all anybody everything one few any anything much somebody many more each neither someone others most either nobody something several none everybody no one some It s important to know which are singular or plural so your pronouns and antecedent agree!

18 Indefinite Pronouns Sometimes have antecedents: no specific antecedent specific antecedent Many have visited Gettysburg. One of the students sang. Can also function as adjectives: adjective Few orchestras are famous.

19 *Pronoun Antecedent Agreement Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in both gender and number. Correct the following sentences if needed. Be aware of indefinite pronouns! 1. The student must complete the project, then they have to evaluate it. 2. All of the baseball players ran their hardest at practice. 3. Everyone for themselves!

20 Pronoun Practice Complete Exercises 1.1C, 1.1D, 1.1E, 1.1F on pages 10 & 11 Prentice Hall Grammar Handbook Complete Exercises 1.1 G, 1.1H on page 13 Prentice Hall Grammar Handbook

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