ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessings, guidance, love, health during the

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1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, my sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessings, guidance, love, health during the writing of this paper could be completed. My deep gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp.PD.KEMD, the Rector of Udayana University. My sincere appreciation is sent to the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University, Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my main supervisor, Dr. I Made Rajeg, M.Hum., for his guidance, kindness, and providing necessary information in completing this paper. My special appreciation goes to my second supervisor, Drs. I Ketut Wandia, M.A., M.App.Ling for his feedback and support in writing this paper. My appreciation extends to the head of English Department, Dr. Dra. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum. Thanks also go to all lecturers who have shared their knowledge to me. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation go to my strongest father and perfect mother who can be my best friends, supporters, and sun shines in my life. To my brother thanks for his support. I also send my great thanks to all my friends. Denpasar, January 2017 Ni Wayan Manik Septianiari Putri i

2 ABSTRACT The paper entitled The Study of Adjective Admirable and Its Near Synonyms in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) is aimed at identifying the distribution of the use of admirable and its near synonyms commendable, laudable, and estimable. Furthermore, it is aimed at explaining the collocational structure as well as exploring their meaning. The data were taken from COCA that contains 520 million words. It covers five genres spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, and academic. Documentation method was used in collecting data. Meanwhile, the methods used in analyzing data were quantitative and qualitative. Furthermore, theories used were theory of collocation by Benson, et al and supported by Quirk, et al as well as theory of meaning by Leech. The results of analysis show that admirable is the highest frequency of use which has 500 usages and the lowest is estimable which has 177 usages. In the first type of lexical collocation, adjective + noun, the highest frequency of use is admirable + noun. It has 457 usages. Meanwhile, the lowest is estimable + noun which has 96 usages. Furthermore, another type of lexical collocation is adverb + adjective. In this type, the highest frequency of use is adverb + admirable which has 351 usages; while the lowest is adverb + estimable which has 26 usages. Furthermore, attributive adjective appears in the first type of lexical collocation. Meanwhile, attributive and predicative appear in the second type of lexical collocation. The meanings found are collocative and conceptual meaning. Keywords: Synonym, Adjective, Corpus ii

3 LIST OF PICTURES Number Title Page Picture 1. The Concordance of Admirable as the KWIC in COCA 6 Picture 2. The Collocation of Admirable 7 iii

4 LIST OF TABLES Number Title Page Table 1. The Distribution of Synonymous Adjectives 23 Table 2. Adjective + Noun in COCA 25 Table 3. Adverb + Adjective in COCA 40 iv

5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS COCA = Corpus of Contemporary American English SPOK = Spoken FIC = Fiction MAG = Magazine NEWS = Newspaper ACAD = Academic v

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... i ABSTRACT... ii LIST OF PICTURES... iii LIST OF TABLES... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... v TABLE OF CONTENTS... vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Problems of the Study Aims of the Study Scope of Discussion Research Method Data Source Method and Technique of Collecting Data Method and Technique of Analyzing Data... 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Review of Literature Concepts The Concept of Synonym The Concept of Collocation The Concept of Meaning vi

7 2.2.4 The Concept of Adjective The Concept of Corpus Theoretical Framework Theory of Collocation Theory of Meaning CHAPTER III STUDY OF ADJECTIVE ADMIRABLE AND ITS NEAR SYNONYMS IN COCA Overview The Distribution of Synonymous Adjectives Admirable, Commendable, Laudable, and Estimable Found in COCA The Collocational Structure of Synonymous Adjectives Admirable, Commendable, Laudable, and Estimable Found in COCA Adjective + Noun Admirable + Noun Commendable + Noun Laudable + Noun Estimable + Noun Adverb + Adjective Adverb + Admirable Adverb + Commendable Adverb + Laudable Adverb + Estimable vii

8 3.4 The Meaning of Synonymous Adjectives Admirable, Commendable, Laudable, and Estimable Found in COCA The Meaning of Adjective Admirable The Meaning of Adjective Commendable The Meaning of Adjective Laudable The Meaning of Adjective Estimable CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX viii

9 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Language is a tool that can be used to communicate and express the meaning. According to Hurford (1983:1), the study of meaning in language is called Semantics. English is an International language. Many people around the world use English as their language, although they come from different countries and cultures. It means that they are able to understand each other. According to Crystal (2007), English has a larger number of words. It can be known as antonym and synonym. In all languages, antonym and synonym have important role. It means that by using antonym and synonym, people can improve their vocabularies, especially English. According to Hornby (2010:54), antonym is a word that means opposite of another word, for example happy and sad. Meanwhile, synonym is a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another in the same language (Hornby, 2010:1515). An example is admirable and commendable. People who speak English use different words to express the things for the same meaning, for example, in British, people use football in order to describe a game which played by two teams of 11 players. However, in American English use soccer. Although they use the different words, the meaning of those words is similar. In addition, people use pedagogue in a formal situation and teacher in informal situation that refers to a person who likes to teach people things, 1

10 2 especially because they think they know more than other people (Hornby, 2010:1081). Synonym becomes the main topic in this study. It concerns with the synonym of an adjective admirable. There are some synonyms of admirable such as commendable, worthy, praiseworthy, deserving, laudable, and estimable (Webster s New World (TM) Roget s A-Z Thesaurus). Furthermore, this study focuses on the synonyms of admirable which have the suffix able, they are commendable, laudable, and estimable. Therefore, there are four words that are analyzed in this study. Synonym is a very interesting topic to be discussed. English learners need many various words in order to improve their vocabularies. It can be used in written forms such as an essay. This example of written forms, essay, will be more beautiful with various words which have similar meaning. Adjective admirable is chosen in this study because this adjective has many synonyms. However, the synonyms of adjective admirable with suffix able are analyzed. The four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable are used in this study in order to see the frequency of use, to identify their collocational structure that consists of words they collocate with and functions. According to Quirk, et al (1985) adjectives have their own syntactic functions, namely predicative and attributive. Furthermore, the four synonymous adjectives are used to explore their meanings found in all genres (spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, and academic) in COCA.

11 3 1.2 Problems of the Study Based on the above explanation, the problems can be formulated as follows: 1. What the distribution of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable used in COCA? 2. What the collocational structure of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable used in COCA? 3. What the meaning of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable used in COCA? 1.3 Aims of the Study The aims of this study are: 1. To identify the distribution of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable used in COCA. 2. To explain the collocational structure of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable used in COCA. 3. To explore the meaning of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable used in COCA.

12 4 1.4 Scope of Discussion The discussion in this study is focused on: 1. The distribution of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable in all genres in COCA. 2. The collocational structures of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable are explained by theory proposed by Benson, et al (1986). Based on the theory, this study focused on the two types of lexical collocations, namely adjective followed by noun and adverb followed by adjective. Furthermore, it is supported by theory proposed by Quirk, et al (1985) in order to see the syntactic functions of adjective. 3. The meaning of the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable found in COCA is analyzed by theory of meaning proposed by Leech (1974). 1.5 Research Method The research method in this study consists of three components: data source, method and technique of collecting data, and method and technique of analyzing data Data Source The data source used in this study was taken from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). This corpus was created by Mark

13 5 Davies of Brigham Young University in 2008 containing 520 (five hundred and twenty) million words from 1990 until Corpus is the valid and objective data that can be used as the data source. There are many sources in corpus like from fiction, magazine, newspaper, and academic words. Corpus is an excellent media because it does not take long time to collect the data Method and Technique of Collecting Data Documentation method was used in collecting data. The method was applied by accessing COCA on corpus.byu.edu/coca/. Two techniques used in collecting data are Key Word In Context (KWIC) technique and note-taking technique. KWIC technique allows for concordance (McKinnon, 1993). The key words are alphabetized mechanically and produced with the aid of electronic computer rapidly by using KWIC in COCA. KWIC technique is used in this study in order to see the distribution of the four synonymous adjectives. First, the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable were included into KIWC in COCA alternately and set HITS #100. Second, checking [Sections] menu and choosing the genres spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, and academic alternately. Third, clicking KWIC above the [Sections] menu. Furthermore, note-taking the frequency of use of the four synonymous adjective based on genres.

6 Picture 1. The Concordance of Admirable as the KWIC in COCA In order to see the lexical collocations of the four synonymous adjectives, the term KWIC in COCA was used.

14 6 Picture 1. The Concordance of Admirable as the KWIC in COCA In order to see the lexical collocations of the four synonymous adjectives, the term KWIC in COCA was used. First, the four synonymous adjectives admirable, commendable, laudable, and estimable were included into KWIC in COCA with some keywords alternately, such as to find out adjective admirable followed by noun, it should include admirable [nn*] or adverb followed by adjective admirable, it should include [r*] admirable and set HITS #100. Second, checking [Sections] menu and choosing the genres spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, and academic alternately. Third, clicking KWIC above the [Sections] menu Furthermore, note-taking the frequency of use of the lexical collocation based on genres.

7 Picture 2. The Collocation of Admirable 1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied in analyzing data.

15 7 Picture 2. The Collocation of Admirable Method and Technique of Analyzing Data Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied in analyzing data. Quantitative method was used in order to calculate the data; meanwhile, qualitative method was used in order to give an actual explanation descriptively. For calculating the data, the collected data were tabulated into table based on genres. The collected data were analyzed based on the theory proposed by Benson, et al (1986) in order to see the collocational structure that consists of the two types of the lexical collocation and supported by Quirk, et al (1985) in order to explain the syntactic functions of adjective. Furthermore, theory proposed by Leech (1974) was used in order to explore the meanings. The collected data was analyzed through some steps in order to see the distribution. First, putting the four synonymous adjectives and five genres in COCA into a table. Furthermore, making explanation descriptively based on the frequency.

16 8 The data was analyzed through some steps in order to see the collocation and meaning. First, putting data into table in order to see the frequency of the two types of lexical collocations, namely adjective followed by noun and adverb followed by adjective. Second, making explanation descriptively based on the frequency. Third, the examples in the analysis were presented randomly. Fourth, the data were classified into the syntactic functions whether they belong to predicative or attributive. Finally, the collected data was analyzed depending on their meanings.

IMPROVING VOCABULARY MASTERY THROUGH LINKING WORDS GAME TO THE FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SDN 2 PETULU IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013

IMPROVING VOCABULARY MASTERY THROUGH LINKING WORDS GAME TO THE FIFTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SDN 2 PETULU IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013 BY I MADE SUKRISNA NPM: 09.8.03.51.31.2.5.3161 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY