Indo-European Language and Culture

Transcription

1 Indo-European Language and Culture An Introduction Benjamin W. Fortson IV Blackwell Publishing

2 Contents List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Guide to the Reader xi xii xv xvii 1 Introduction: The Comparative Method and the Indo-European Family 1 The Study of Language Relationships and the Comparative Method ( ) 1 Indo-European Historical Linguistics ( ) 8 Conclusion ( ) For Review Proto-Indo-European Culture and Archaeology 16 Introduction ( 2.1-2) 16 Society ( ) 17 Religion, Ritual, and Myth ( ) 22 Poetics ( ) 29 Personal Names ( ) 34 Archaeology and the PIE Homeland Question ( ) For Review Proto-Indo-European Phonology 48 Introduction ( 3.1) 48 Consonants ( ) 48 Vowels ( ) 60 Phonological Rules ( ) For Review 66 66

3 Contents Proto-Indo-European Morphology: Introduction 69 The Root and Indo-European Morphophonemics ( 4.1) 69 The Root ( ) 70 Ablaut ( ) 73 Morphological Categories of PIE ( ) For Review The Verb 81 The Structure of the PIE Verb ( ) 81 Personal Endings ( ) 83 The Present Stem ( ) 87 The Aorist Stem ( ) 92 The Perfect Stem ( ) 93 Moods ( ) 95 Non-finite Verbal Formations and Other Topics ( ) For Review The Noun 102 Introduction ( 6.1-3) 102 Athematic Nouns ( ) 103 Thematic Nouns ( ) 113 The Collective and the Feminine ( ) 118 Adjectives ( ) 120 Nominal Composition and Other Topics ( ) For Review Pronouns and Other Parts of Speech 126 Pronouns: Introduction ( 7.1) 126 Personal Pronouns ( 7.2-7) 126 Other Pronouns and the Pronominal Declension ( ) 129 Numerals ( ) 130 Adverbs ( ) 132 Prepositions and Postpositions ( 7.25) 133 Conjunctions and Interjections ( ) Proto-Indo-European Syntax 137 Introduction ( 8.1-5) 137 Syntax of the Phrase ( ) ' 139 Syntax of the Clause ( ) 141 Phrase and Sentence Prosody and the Interaction of Syntax and Phonology ( ) 149

4 Contents vii 152 For Review Anatolian 154 Introduction ( 9.1-4) 154 From PIE to Common Anatolian ( ) 156 Hittite ( ) 158 Luvian ( ) 167 Palaic ( ) 171 Lycian ( ) 172 Lydian ( ) 175 Carian, Pisidian, and Sidetic ( 9.75) For Review PIE Vocabulary I: Man, Woman, Kinship Indo-Iranian I: Indie 180 Introduction to Indo-Iranian ( ) 180 From PIE to Indo-Iranian ( ) 181 Indie (Indo-Aryan) ( ) 183 Sanskrit ( ) 184 Middle Indie ( ) 196 Modern (New) Indo-Aryan ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary II: Animals Indo-Iranian II: Iranian 203 Introduction ( ) 203 Avestan ( ) 204 Old Persian ( ) 210 Middle and Modern Iranian ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary III: Food and Agriculture Greek 222 Introduction ( ) 222 From PIE to Greek ( ) 225 Greek after the Classical Period ( ) 235 The Philology of Homer and Its Pitfalls ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary IV: The Body 244

5 viii Contents 13 Italic 245 Introduction ( ) 245 From PIE to Italic ( ) 248 Latino-Faliscan ( 13.24) 252 Latin ( ) 252 Faliscan ( ) 262 Sabellic (Osco-Umbrian) ( ) 263 Umbrian ( ) 265 South Picene ( ) 267 Oscan ( ) 268 Other Sabellic Languages ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary V: Body Functions and States Celtic 274 Introduction ( ) 274 From PIE to Celtic ( ) 275 Continental Celtic ( ) 277 Insular Celtic ( ) 280 Goidelic: Old Irish and Its Descendants ( ) 282 Scottish Gaelic and Manx ( ) 290 Brittonic ( ) 291 Welsh ( ) 292 Breton ( ) 294 Cornish ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary VI: Natural Environment Germanic 300 Introduction ( ) 300 From PIE to Germanic ( ) 301 Runic ( ) 309 East Germanic ( 15.37) 311 Gothic ( ) 312 West Germanic ( ) 315 Old English ( ) 316 Middle and Modern English ( ) 320 Old High German ( ) 322 Old Saxon ( ) 326 Dutch and Frisian ( ) 327 North Germanic: Old Norse and Scandinavian ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary VII: Position and Motion 336

6 Contents Armenian Introduction ( ) From PIE to Classical Armenian ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary VIII: Material Culture and Technology Tocharian Introduction ( ) From PIE to Tocharian ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary IX: Form and Size Balto-Slavic Introduction ( 18.1) From PIE to Balto-Slavic ( ) Slavic ( ) Old Church Slavonic ( ) Modern Slavic Languages ( ) Baltic ( ) Lithuanian ( ) Latvian ( ) Old Prussian ( ) For Review PIE Vocabulary X: Time Albanian Introduction ( ) From PIE to Albanian ( ) PIE Vocabulary XI: Utterance Fragmentary Languages Introduction ( ) Phrygian ( ) Thracian ( ) Macedonian ( 20.12) Illyrian ( ) Venetic ( ) Messapic ( ) Lusitanian ( 20.23) ix

7 x Contents 409 PIE Vocabulary XII: Basic Physical Acts 411 Glossary 412 Bibliography 416 Index 427