Citation for published version (APA): van Lier, E. H. (2009). Parts of speech and dependent clauses: A typological study Utrecht: LOT

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1 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Parts of speech and dependent clauses: A typological study van Lier, E.H. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Lier, E. H. (2009). Parts of speech and dependent clauses: A typological study Utrecht: LOT General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam ( Download date: 09 Dec 2017

2 List of Tables Chapter 3 Dependent Clauses Table 3.1 DC types and their internal formal properties 108 Chapter 4 Sampling, Research Questions, Method Table 4.1 The language sample Table 4.2 DC types and their internal formal properties 116 Table 4.3 Functional connection between PoS and deranked DCs 117 Table 4.4 A 2x2 contingency table 124 Table 4.5a Maslova test no. 1: Change DC parameter to PoS=DC 125 Table 4.5b Maslova test no. 2: Change PoS parameter to PoS=DC 125 Table 4.6 A symmetrical dependency; original distribution 126 Table 4.7a Distribution for PoS and PoS = DC (Maslova-test no. 1) 126 Table 4.7b Distribution for DC and PoS = DC (Maslova-test no. 2) 126 Table 4.8 A one-sided asymmetrical dependency; original distribution 127 Table 4.9a Distribution for PoS and PoS = DC (Maslova-test no. 1) 127 Table 4.9b Distribution for DC and PoS = DC (Maslova-test no. 2) 127 Table 4.10 A two-sided asymmetrical dependency; original distribution 128 Table 4.11a Distribution for PoS and PoS = DC (Maslova-test no. 1) 128 Table 4.11b Distribution for DC and PoS = DC (Maslova-test no. 2) 128 Chapter 5 Parts of Speech in the Languages of the Sample Table 5.1 PoS classes in the sample languages XIII

3 Table 5.2 Verbs, nouns and nominals in Japanese 156 Table 5.3 Verbs and Adjectives in Mandarin Chinese 158 Chapter 6 Dependent Clauses in the Languages of the Sample Table 6.1 DCs in the sample languages and their possibilities concerning the expression of propositional functions Table 6.2 Basic data on behavioural potential of all DC constructions Table 6.3 DC types and their internal formal properties 230 Table 6.4 Three-way classification of DCs Table 6.5 Behavioural potential of type 1 balanced DCs Table 6.6 Behavioural potential of type 2 D-SENT DCs Table 6.7 Behavioural potential of type 3 D-ALT DCs Table 6.8 Functional possibilities of type 1 balanced DCs Table 6.9 Functional possibilities of type 2 D-SENT DCs Table 6.10 Functional possibilities of type 3 D-ALT DCs Chapter 7 Results Table 7.1 Frequencies for languages with / without flexible PoS and DCs 263 Table 7.2 Frequencies for language with / without rigid PoS only and rigid DCs only 264 Table 7.3 Frequencies for languages with / without flexible PoS and flexible DCs of type Table 7.4 Frequencies for languages with / without flexible PoS and flexible DCs of type 2 / Table 7.5a Maslova test no. 1: change DC parameter to PoS=DC 266 Table 7.5b Maslova test no. 2: Change PoS parameter to PoS=DC 267 Table 7.6 Frequencies for languages with / without flex PoS and flex DCs of type Table 7.7 Frequencies for languages with / without flex PoS and flex DCs of type Table 7.8a Maslova test no. 1: change DC parameter to PoS=DC 269 Table 7.8b Maslova test no. 2: Change PoS parameter to PoS=DC 269 Table 7.2' Frequencies for language with / without rigid PoS only and rigid DCs only 270 Table 7.9 Frequencies for languages with / without lexical contentives / non-verbs and contentive clauses / multi-functional clauses 280 Table 7.10a Maslova test no. 1: change DC parameter to PoS=DC 280 Table 7.10b Maslova test no. 2: change PoS parameter to PoS=DC 281 XIV Parts of Speech and Dependent Clauses

4 Table 7.11 Frequencies for languages with / without contentives / non-verbs and contentive clauses / multi-functional clauses of type Table 7.12 Frequencies for languages with / without lexical contentives / non-verbs and contentive clauses / multi-functional clauses of type Table 7.13a Maslova test no. 1: change DC parameter to PoS=DC 283 Table 7.13b Maslova test no. 2: change PoS parameter to PoS=DC 283 Table 7.14 Frequencies for languages with / without nominals and nominal clauses 284 Table 7.15 Frequencies for languages with / without nominals and nominal clauses of type Table 7.16 Frequencies for languages with / without nominals and nominal clauses of type 2 / Table 7.17 Frequencies for languages with / without nominals and nominal clauses of type Table 7.18 Frequencies for languages with / without nominals and nominal clauses of type Table 7.19 Frequencies for languages with / without modifiers and modifier clauses 287 Table 7.20 Frequencies for languages with / without nouns and complement clauses 290 Table 7.21 Frequencies for language with / without nouns and complement clauses of type Table 7.22 Frequencies for language with / without nouns and complement clauses of type 2 / Table 7.23 Frequencies for language with / without nouns and complement clauses of type Table 7.24 Frequencies for language with / without nouns and complement clauses of type Table 7.25 Frequencies for languages with / without adjectives and relative clauses 292 Table 7.26 frequencies for languages with / without adjectives and relative clauses of type Table 7.27 Frequencies for languages with / without adjectives and relative clauses of type 2 / Table 7.28 Frequencies for languages with / without adjectives and relative clauses of type Table 7.29 Frequencies for languages with / without adjectives and relative clauses of type Table 7.30 Frequencies for languages with / without (derived) manner adverbs and adverbial manner clauses 295 Table 7.31 Frequencies for languages with / without (derived) manner adverbs and adverbial manner clauses of type List of Tables XV

5 Table 7.32 Table 7.33 Table 7.34 Table 7.35 Table 7.36 Table 7.37 Table 7.38 Table 7.39 Table 7.40 Table 7.41 Table 7.42 Table 7.43 Table 7.44 Table 7.45 Table 7.46 Table 7.47 Table 7.48 Frequencies for languages with / without (derived) manner adverbs and adverbial manner clauses of type 2 / Availability and type of flexible DCs in languages with one or more flexible PoS classes Availability and type of flexible DCs in languages with rigid PoS classes only Availability and type of contentive / multi-functional clauses in languages with lexical contentives / non-verbs 300 Availability and type of contentive / multi-functional clauses in languages without lexical contentives / non-verbs Availability and type of nominal clauses in languages with lexical nominals 302 Availability and type of and nominal clauses in languages without lexical nominals Availability of modifier clauses in languages with (derived) lexical modifiers Languages without (derived) lexical modifiers, but with modifier clauses 304 Availability and type of complement clauses in languages without nouns 304 Availability and type of complement clauses in languages with nouns Availability and type of relative clauses in languages without adjectives, but with a flexible lexical strategy for the function of modifier in a referential phrase 306 Availability and type of relative clauses in languages with an open class of simple adjectives Availability and type of relative clauses in languages without an open class of simple adjectives, but with derived adjectives (and a small class of simple adjectives) 307 Availability and type of relative clauses in languages without an open class of simple / derived class adjectives, but with a small class of adjectives 308 Availability and type of relative clauses in languages without a lexical strategy for the function of modifier in a referential phrase 308 Availability and type of adverbial manner clauses in languages without an open class of simple / derived manner adverbs, but with a flexible lexical strategy for the function of modifier in a predicate phrase (and in some cases also a small class of rigid manner adverbs) 309 XVI Parts of Speech and Dependent Clauses

6 Table 7.49 Table 7.50 Table 7.51 Table 7.52 Availability and type of adverbial manner clauses in languages with an open class of simple manner adverbs 310 Availability and type of adverbial manner clauses in languages without an open class of simple manner adverbs, but with derived manner adverbs (and in some cases a small class of simple manner adverbs) 310 Availability and type of relative clauses in languages without an open class of simple / derived class manner adverbs, but with a small class of manner adverbs 311 Availability and type of adverbial manner clauses in languages without a lexical strategy for the function of modifier in a predicate phrase 311 Chapter 8 Discussion: Flexibility and Functional Transparency Table 8.1 Languages with a flexible PoS class, and the distribution of deranked DCs that appear in at least one of the same function(s) Table 8.2 The principle of increasing complexity: Flexible PoS systems and deranked DCs 327 Table 8.3 Rigid PoS classes in languages with flexible PoS, and the distribution of deranked DCs that appear in the same function as these rigid PoS classes Table 8.4 Rigid PoS classes in languages with rigid PoS only, and the distribution of deranked DCs that appear in the same function Table 8.5 Flexible balanced DCs in languages with flexible PoS systems 337 Table 8.6 Flexible balanced DCs in languages with rigid PoS systems 341 List of Tables XVII