The Influence of CEFR on English Language Education in Japan

Transcription

1 The Influence of CEFR on English Language Education in Japan Mark Graham FENNELLY ABSTRACT English Language Policy in Japan has traditionally been influenced by inner-circle sociolinguistic forces and by EFL trends in teaching policy and practice. At different levels of society and different levels of education the amount of influence differs. This paper attempts to explore these influences, and to show how in recent years the influence has shifted to a European one with the globalization of language policy through the development of the CEFR, notably regarding evaluation. It is hoped that future top-down change (using positive washback) based on CEFR and the accompanying Can Do approach to goal setting and evaluation could lead to real change in teaching practices further down in the educational system. KEYWORDS : CEFR, Japan, CEFR-J, Language policy, influence, English, Can Do Lists.. lingua franca lingua franca inner circle outer circle expanding

2 circle table of domains and roles of English ex panding circle international language, expanding circle outer circle The Com mon European Framework of Reference for Languages the free movement of people, information and ideas in Europe

3 a the introduction of a Common European Frame work of Reference CEFR for the description of objectives of language learning and teaching, cu rriculum and design, materials production and lan guage testing and assessment, and b the introduction of a European Language Portfolio ELP, in which individual learners could record not only institutional courses attended and qualifi cations gained, but also less formal experiences with respect to as wide a range of European lan guages and cultures as possible. Raise awareness of a European identity with shared values and acceptance of cultural and

4 language diversity It was designed to provide a transparent, coherent and comprehensive basis for the elaboration of language syllabuses and cu rriculum guidelines, the design of teaching and learning materials, and the assessment of foreign language pro ficiency (CEFR 2011)

5 Common Reference Levels Selfassessment grid (CEFR 2001) I can recognize familiar words and very basic ph rases concerning myself, my family and immediate con crete surroundings when people speak slowly and clearly. I can understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. I can understand the main point of many radio or TV programmes on current affairs or topics of personal or professional interest when the delivery is relatively slow and clear. I have no difficulty in understanding any kind of spoken language, whether live or broadcast, even when delivered at fast native speed, provided I have some time to get familiar with the accent. I can use simple phrases and sentences to describe where I live and people I know. I can connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, my dreams, hopes and ambitions. I can briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans. I can narrate a story or relate the plot of a book or film and describe my reactions. I can present a clear, smoothly flowing description or argument in a style appropriate to the context and with an effective logical structure which helps the reci pient to notice and remember significant points. I can write a short, simple postcard, for example sending holiday greetings. I can fill in forms with per sonal details, for example entering my name, nationality and address on a hotel registration form. I can write simple connected text on topics which are familiar or of personal interest. I can write personal letters describing experiences and impressions. I can express myself in clear, well-structured text, expressing points of view at some length. I can write about complex subjects in a letter, an essay or a report, under lining what I consider to be the salient issues. I can select style appropriate to the reader in mind. (CEFR 2001)

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7 the impact of the descriptive scheme or other aspect of the CEFR on curriculum or teaching have as yet been very limited. On the whole the CEFR has no more occa sioned a revolution in curriculum development than it has promoted the radical redesign of language tests. there is a need to debate how to contextualize the CEFR structurally in Japan before thinking about the application of can-do statements. there is a significant gap in the influence of the CEFR between school education and university education. In school education, which is very tightly controlled by central government, reference to the CEFR is scarcely evident,

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10 The CEFR distinguishes between four kinds of lan guage activities : reception (listening and reading), pro duction (spoken and written), interaction (spoken and written), and mediation (translating and interpreting) in school education detailed Courses of Study furnished by the government provide a clear structure for language education, including grammatical structures to be mastered, the number of vocabulary items to be memorized and the language functions and situations to be covered. To develop students basic communication abilities such as listening, speaking, reading and writing, deepening their understanding of language and culture and foster ing a positive attitude toward communication through foreign languages. To develop students communication abilities such as accurately understanding and appropriately conveying information, ideas, etc., deepening their understanding of language and culture, and fostering a positive attitude toward communication through foreign languages. merely represent a policy statement based on the needs of the business community and on current pedagogical thinking. The ends are broadly stated as a move away from grammatical competence towards a wider commu nicative competence.

11 English is not and never will be an instrument to do something with, but one subject in the whole curriculum, which aims to promote the overall development of our future citizens. This fact has led us to adopt a growth model, rather than a skill model... We value the communicative ability of our learners, but it is for the sake of its contribution to self-expression and personal growth as well as for its practical use fulness in English-speaking societies. representation of language planning in second language acquisition

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13 Language choice and cultural imperialism : a Nigerian perspective. The Common European Framework of Reference- The Globalisation of Language Education Policy. Common European Framework of Reference for Language Common European Framework of Reference for Languages:Learning, Teaching, Assessment CEFR-J English TOEIC CEFR Using CEFR level descriptors to raise university students awareness of their speaking skills. Englishization and contact linguistics English in the language policy of the Pacific Rim English Language Entrance Examinations at Japanese Universities Sociolinguistics, Part Oral Communication : One Year On The Common European Framework of Re ference for Languages and the development of policies for the integration of adult migrants The actual and potential impacts of the CEFR on language education in Japan An Update on the CEFR-J Project and its Impact on English Language Education in Japan. The CEFR Common Reference Levels : Validated reference points and local strategies. An Exploratory Reliability and Content Analysis of the CEFR-Japan s A-Level Can-Do State ments apanese English Learners Self- Assessments on the CEFR-J s A-level can-do Statements Using Four and Five Point Response Scales. Communicative Language Teaching and Local Needs. An Investigation of Can-Do Statements for Speaking in Junior High School-Its development and Practicality. No.35. The Role of Language Planning in Second Language Acquisition Language Planning and ELT

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