Predicting verb production in argument structure constructions
|
|
- Camilla Simon
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Predicting verb production in argument structure constructions Afra Alishahi Ad Backus ICLC-13, Newcastle, 22 July 2015
2 Argument structures [Goldberg et al., 2004] Emergent abstract constructions Generalizations over particular verb usages Verb-centered categories
3 Verbs within argument structures In natural language categories, some items are more readily accessible than others [Higgins, 1996; Tversky & Kahneman, 1973] Same for verbs within constructions: some verbs are learned earlier, come to mind first, and are produced more frequently [Goldberg et al., 2004; Ellis & Ferreira-Junior, 2009] What affects this mental organization?
4 Verbs within argument structures Suggestions for verbs in constructions: Distributional factors a) frequency [Goldberg et al., 2006; Theakston et al., 2004, etc.] b) association strength [Gries & Wulff, 2009] Semantics [Ninio, 1999; Theakston et al., 2004, etc.] More examples from related literature: Utterance-final frequency / salience [Naigles & Hoff-Ginsberg, 1998] Diversity of syntactic environment [Naigles & Hoff-Ginsberg, 1998] Phonetic form [McDonald et al., 1993] Word length [McDonald et al., 1993]
5 Input-related determinants of construction learning [Ellis, O'Donnell, & Römer, 2014a, 2014b]: Determinants of learning : (1) verb frequency (2) strength of association between verb and construction (ΔP) (3) semantic centrality Both L1 and L2 speakers
6 Design: Experiments we are going to show you 20 phrases with gaps in them and ask you to spend one minute for each of them entering all the words you might use to fill the gap [Ellis et al., 2014a, p. 76]
7 Design: Experiments we are going to show you 20 phrases with gaps in them and ask you to spend one minute for each of them entering all the words you might use to fill the gap [Ellis et al., 2014a, p. 76] he across the... it of the...
8 Design: Experiments we are going to show you 20 phrases with gaps in them and ask you to spend one minute for each of them entering all the words you might use to fill the gap [Ellis et al., 2014a, p. 76] he across the... it of the...
9 Design: Experiments he across the... Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 went ran ran came came looked ran jumped leaned
10 Design: Experiments he across the... Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Verb Frequency went ran ran run 3 came came looked come 2 ran jumped leaned look 1 lean 1 jump 1 go 1
11 Design Corpus analysis Variables Items Construction Constr1 Constr2 Verb Frequency Association Centrality Experiments Frequency of use Verb1 Verb2 Verb1 Verb2...
12 1. Frequency Frequency of verbs in a certain argument structure construction E.g., prepositional dative (transfer) construction: He it to someone. give 1000 show 150 send 50 lend... 10
13 2. Association strength How strong is the association between a verb and a construction? Construction X give 100 Construction Y give 100
14 2. Association strength How strong is the association between a verb and a construction? Construction X give 100 other verbs 120 Construction Y give 100 other verbs 900 Other constructions 500 Other constructions 500
15 2. Association strength How strong is the association between a verb and a construction? ΔP (construction verb) = a/(a+b) c/(c+d) Construction X Other constructions give a c other verbs b d
16 3. Meaning centrality How central, or prototypical, is the verb meaning for a construction? [Ellis et al., 2014a]
17 Overview
18 Main finding [Ellis et al., 2014a,b] Frequency of verb production in a construction is affected by: verb frequency in this construction association strength between the two centrality of verb meaning
19 Main finding [Ellis et al., 2014a,b] Frequency of verb production in a construction is affected by: verb frequency in this construction association strength between the two centrality of verb meaning 1. The original experimental design has certain disadvantages. 2. The set of predictors may not be the best one.
20 Design: disadvantages Corpus analysis Experimental setup
21 Design: disadvantages Corpus analysis Idea: predict speakers' linguistic output from their input Individual differences? Experimental setup
22 Design: disadvantages Corpus analysis Idea: predict speakers' linguistic output from their input Individual differences? Experimental setup Speakers produce verbs in a specific order Order reflects preferences?
23 Predictors: critical overview Verb construction joint frequency Association strength ΔP (construction verb) Verb semantic centrality
24 Predictors: critical overview Verb construction joint frequency Verb marginal (overall) frequency also important? [Ambridge et al., 2015] Cotext-free and cotextual entrenchment [Schmid & Küchenhoff, 2013] Association strength ΔP (construction verb) Verb semantic centrality
25 Predictors: critical overview Verb construction joint frequency Verb marginal (overall) frequency also important? [Ambridge et al., 2015] Cotext-free and cotextual entrenchment [Schmid & Küchenhoff, 2013] Association strength ΔP (construction verb) Two measures at the same model: ΔP and joint frequency There are also alternative measures: Attraction [Schmid, 2000] Verb semantic centrality
26 Predictors: critical overview Verb construction joint frequency Verb marginal (overall) frequency also important? [Ambridge et al., 2015] Cotext-free and cotextual entrenchment [Schmid & Küchenhoff, 2013] Association strength ΔP (construction verb) Two measures at the same model: ΔP and joint frequency There are also alternative measures: Attraction [Schmid, 2000] Verb semantic centrality Often confounded with frequency, its effect is questioned in acquisition literature [Theakston et al., 2004]
27 Overview
28 Computational model
29 Computational model
30 Computational model The bear gives you the ball!
31 Computational model The bear gives you the ball
32 Computational model The bear gives you the ball Daddy's coming home!
33 Computational model The bear gives you the ball Daddy's coming home
34 Computational model The bear gives you the ball Daddy's coming home Grandma sent you some cookies. John passed you the ball! Mr. Rich donated us a thousand dollars.
35 Computational model Grandma sent you some cookies The bear gives you the ball Mr. Rich donated us a thousand dollars Daddy's coming home John passed you the ball
36 Computational model Grandma sent you some cookies The bear gives you the ball Mr. Rich donated us a thousand dollars Daddy's coming home John passed you the ball Predicate meaning cause to receive Number of arguments 3 Word order X verb Y Z Argument meanings {human}; {human}; {object} Argument roles Giver; Recipient; Theme
37 Computational model Ditransitive transfer construction Daddy's coming home
38 Computational model Ditransitive transfer construction... Resultative construction
39 Computational model Ditransitive transfer construction... Resultative construction Meine Schwester lieh mir Geld. (My sister lent me some money.)
40 Computational model Ditransitive transfer construction... Resultative construction Meine Schwester lieh mir Geld. (My sister lent me some money.)
41 Computational model Ditransitive transfer construction... Resultative construction Das Geld gab ich meiner Mutter. (I gave the money to my mother.)
42 Computational model Ditransitive transfer construction... Resultative construction Das Geld gab ich meiner Mutter Das Geld gab ich meiner Mutter. (I gave the money to my mother.)
43 Computational model L2 mixed L1 L2 L1
44 Elicited production task He across ARG2 She ARG2 ARG3 It on ARG2 50 constructions (patterns) in total
45 Outline 1. Simulate the original experiments of [Ellis et al., 2014a,b] 2. Address the methodological issues. 3. Seek for a better set of predictors.
46 1. Replication
47 Overview
48 Simulation 1: replicating L1 Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β p-value <.001 <
49 Simulation 1: replicating L1 Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β p-value <.001 <
50 Simulation 1: replicating L2 Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β p-value <.001 <
51 Simulation 1: replicating L2 Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β p-value <.001 <
52 2. Methodological issues
53 Methodological improvements Corpus analysis Idea: predict speakers' linguistic output from their input Individual differences? Analyzing individual input data. Experimental setup Speakers produce verbs in a specific order Order reflects preferences?
54 Design Corpus analysis Variables Items Construction Constr1 Constr2 Verb Frequency Association Centrality Experiments Frequency of use Verb1 Verb2 Verb1 Verb2...
55 Design Individual input analysis Corpus analysis Variables Items Construction Constr1 Constr2 Verb Frequency Association Centrality Experiments Frequency of use Verb1 Verb2 Verb1 Verb2...
56 Design Individual input analysis Corpus analysis Variables Items Construction Constr1 Constr2 Verb Frequency Association Centrality Experiments Frequency of use Verb1 Verb2 Verb1 Verb2...
57 Design Individual input analysis Corpus analysis Variables Items Construction Constr1 Constr2 Verb Frequency Association Centrality Experiments Frequency of use Verb1 Verb2 Verb1 Verb2...
58 Methodological improvements Corpus analysis Idea: predict speakers' linguistic output from their input Individual differences? Analyzing individual input data. Experimental setup Speakers produce verbs in a specific order Order reflects preferences? Probability of production of each verb.
59 Design: Experiments he across the... Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Verb Frequency went ran ran run 3 came came looked come 2 ran jumped leaned look 1 lean 1 jump 1 go 1
60 Design: Experiments he across the... Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Verb Frequency went 0.7 ran 0.6 ran 0.4 run 3 came 0.2 came 0.3 looked 0.4 come 2 ran 0.1 jumped 0.1 leaned 0.2 look 1 lean 1 jump 1 go 1
61 Design: Experiments he across the... Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Verb Frequency went 0.7 ran 0.6 ran 0.4 run 3 came 0.2 came 0.3 looked 0.4 come 2 ran 0.1 jumped 0.1 leaned 0.2 look 1 lean 1 jump 1 go 1
62 Methodological improvements Individual input analysis Variables Items Construction Constr1 Constr2 Verb Frequency Association Centrality Experiments Probability Frequency of use Verb1 Verb2 Verb1 Verb2...
63 Overview
64 Overview
65 Simulation 2: improving method Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β Significance *** *** ***
66 Simulation 2: improving method Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β Significance *** *** ***
67 Simulation 2: improving method Predictor frequency association centrality Coefficient β Significance *** *** ***
68 3. Refining the model
69 A. Which frequency counts? A. Joint frequency verb construction He it to someone. give 1000 show 150 send 50 lend B. Absolute verb frequency be 1,000,000 have 500,000 do 250,000 say ,000 Both types of frequency may be important [Schmid, 2010; Ambridge et al., 2015]
70 B. Which association measure? Joint verb construction frequency: ΔP contingency: Attraction: There is some support for all of these measures [Ellis, 2006; Divjak, 2008; Schmid & Küchenhoff, 2013; Blumenthal-Dramé, 2012]
71 Overview
72 Overview
73 Model comparison
74 Best model The original prediction model ranked rather low (7 out of 12) The best prediction model includes: Marginal verb frequency Joint verb construction frequency Attraction Semantic centrality Predictor F (marginal) F (joint) Attraction Centrality Coefficient β Significance *** *** *** 0.01
75 Particular constructions
76 Conclusions Our model to a certain extent replicates the original experimental results. The independent effect of marginal verb frequency supports the distinction between cotext-free and cotextual entrenchment. The simultaneous use of two association measures may be justified for large data sets, but not for individual constructions. Attraction is the best predictor in our data. The impact of centrality is low in our data, and even lower after refining the model. Form-based 'constructions' may not be the best unit for such an analysis.
77 References Alishahi, A., & Stevenson, S. (2008). A computational model for early argument structure acquisition. Cognitive Science, 32(5), Ambridge, B., Kidd, E., Rowland, C. F., & Theakston, A. L. (2015). The ubiquity of frequency effects in first language acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 42(02), Ellis, N. C., O Donnell, M. B., & Römer, U. (2014). The processing of verb-argument constructions is sensitive to form, function, frequency, contingency, and prototypicality. Cognitive Linguistics, 25(1), Goldberg, A. E. (1995). Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Matusevych, Y., Alishahi, A., & Backus, A. (2015). Distributional determinants of learning argument structure constructions in first and second language. In Proceedings of CogSci Matusevych, Y., Alishahi, A., & Backus, A. (n.d.). The impact of first and second language exposure on learning second language constructions. Manuscript submitted for pubication. Schmid, H.-J. (2015). A framework for understanding linguistic entrenchment and its psychological foundations in memory and automatization. In Entrenchment, memory and automaticity. The psychology of linguistic knowledge and language learning. Theakston, A. L., Lieven, E. V., Pine, J. M., & Rowland, C. F. (2004). Semantic generality, input frequency and the acquisition of syntax. Journal of Child Language, 31(01),
78 Learning scenario L1 exposure Mixed L1 + L2 exposure Test
79 Representing language knowledge 1. Distribution Input properties distribution of verbs within a certain construction Open task [Ellis et al., 2014]
80 Representing language knowledge 1. Distribution 2. Proficiency score Input properties Input properties distribution of verbs within a certain construction proficiency score for verbs within a certain construction Open task Closed task [Ellis et al., 2014] [Goldschneider & DeKeyser, 2001]
81 Evaluating language knowledge 1. Distribution (elicited production) Giver verb Recipient Theme The bear you the ball! 1. Verb production probability
82 Evaluating language knowledge 1. Distribution 2. Proficiency score (elicited production) (comprehension) Giver verb Recipient Theme The bear you the ball! Giver verb Recipient Theme The bear gives you the ball!? 1. Verb production probability 2. Verb comprehension score
83 Formal model 1. Find most likely construction for a given frame: 2. For this, use prior and conditional probability: 3. Prior probability = entrenchment: 4. Conditional probability = similarity in terms of each feature:
84 An example frame I ate a tuna sandwich.
CS 598 Natural Language Processing
CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@
More informationJohn Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company This is a contribution from Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 7 This electronic file may not be altered in any way. The author(s) of this article is/are permitted
More informationLanguage Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter Lexical Categories. Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus
Language Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter 2011 Lexical Categories Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus Computational Linguistics and Phonetics Saarland University Children s Sensitivity to Lexical Categories Look,
More informationConstruction Grammar. University of Jena.
Construction Grammar Holger Diessel University of Jena holger.diessel@uni-jena.de http://www.holger-diessel.de/ Words seem to have a prototype structure; but language does not only consist of words. What
More informationCHAPTER 10 Statistical Measures for Usage-Based Linguistics
Language Learning ISSN 0023-8333 CHAPTER 10 Statistical Measures for Usage-Based Linguistics Stefan Th. Gries and Nick C. Ellis University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
More informationLanguage acquisition: acquiring some aspects of syntax.
Language acquisition: acquiring some aspects of syntax. Anne Christophe and Jeff Lidz Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique Language: a productive system the unit of meaning is the word
More informationIntra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections
Tyler Perrachione LING 451-0 Proseminar in Sound Structure Prof. A. Bradlow 17 March 2006 Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections Abstract Although the acoustic and
More informationConstraining X-Bar: Theta Theory
Constraining X-Bar: Theta Theory Carnie, 2013, chapter 8 Kofi K. Saah 1 Learning objectives Distinguish between thematic relation and theta role. Identify the thematic relations agent, theme, goal, source,
More informationArgument structure and theta roles
Argument structure and theta roles Introduction to Syntax, EGG Summer School 2017 András Bárány ab155@soas.ac.uk 26 July 2017 Overview Where we left off Arguments and theta roles Some consequences of theta
More informationDescribing Motion Events in Adult L2 Spanish Narratives
Describing Motion Events in Adult L2 Spanish Narratives Samuel Navarro and Elena Nicoladis University of Alberta 1. Introduction When learning a second language (L2), learners are faced with the challenge
More informationObjectives. Chapter 2: The Representation of Knowledge. Expert Systems: Principles and Programming, Fourth Edition
Chapter 2: The Representation of Knowledge Expert Systems: Principles and Programming, Fourth Edition Objectives Introduce the study of logic Learn the difference between formal logic and informal logic
More informationSyntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm
Syntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm syntax: from the Greek syntaxis, meaning setting out together
More informationTRANSITIVITY IN THE LIGHT OF EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS
TRANSITIVITY IN THE LIGHT OF EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS Stéphane ROBERT CNRS-LLACAN and Labex EFL, Paris stephane.robert@cnrs.fr SLE 2016, Naples Introduction A joint work with neuroscientists Experiment
More informationENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist
Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Today s agenda Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet
More informationLexical category induction using lexically-specific templates
Lexical category induction using lexically-specific templates Richard E. Leibbrandt and David M. W. Powers Flinders University of South Australia 1. The induction of lexical categories from distributional
More informationSpecification and Evaluation of Machine Translation Toy Systems - Criteria for laboratory assignments
Specification and Evaluation of Machine Translation Toy Systems - Criteria for laboratory assignments Cristina Vertan, Walther v. Hahn University of Hamburg, Natural Language Systems Division Hamburg,
More information4 th Grade Number and Operations in Base Ten. Set 3. Daily Practice Items And Answer Keys
4 th Grade Number and Operations in Base Ten Set 3 Daily Practice Items And Answer Keys NUMBER AND OPERATIONS IN BASE TEN: OVERVIEW Resources: PRACTICE ITEMS Attached you will find practice items for Number
More informationOptimizing the Input: Frequency and Sampling in Usage-based and Form-focussed Learning. Nick C. Ellis
Optimizing the Input: Frequency and Sampling in Usage-based and Form-focussed Learning Nick C. Ellis Chapter for Michael Long & Cathy Doughty (Eds.) The Handbook of Second and Foreign Language Teaching
More informationLEARNING A SEMANTIC PARSER FROM SPOKEN UTTERANCES. Judith Gaspers and Philipp Cimiano
LEARNING A SEMANTIC PARSER FROM SPOKEN UTTERANCES Judith Gaspers and Philipp Cimiano Semantic Computing Group, CITEC, Bielefeld University {jgaspers cimiano}@cit-ec.uni-bielefeld.de ABSTRACT Semantic parsers
More informationLEXICAL CATEGORY ACQUISITION VIA NONADJACENT DEPENDENCIES IN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.
LEXICAL CATEGORY ACQUISITION VIA NONADJACENT DEPENDENCIES IN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES by Michelle Sandoval A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT
More informationEnglish Language and Applied Linguistics. Module Descriptions 2017/18
English Language and Applied Linguistics Module Descriptions 2017/18 Level I (i.e. 2 nd Yr.) Modules Please be aware that all modules are subject to availability. If you have any questions about the modules,
More informationForeign Languages. Foreign Languages, General
Foreign Languages, General Program Description This program introduces the fundamentals of language learning (listening, speaking, reading, writing, and culture) with emphasis on language production, grammar,
More informationAnnotation Projection for Discourse Connectives
SFB 833 / Univ. Tübingen Penn Discourse Treebank Workshop Annotation projection Basic idea: Given a bitext E/F and annotation for F, how would the annotation look for E? Examples: Word Sense Disambiguation
More informationWhat do Medical Students Need to Learn in Their English Classes?
ISSN - Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol., No., pp. 1-, May ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:.0/jltr...1- What do Medical Students Need to Learn in Their English Classes? Giti
More informationSEMAFOR: Frame Argument Resolution with Log-Linear Models
SEMAFOR: Frame Argument Resolution with Log-Linear Models Desai Chen or, The Case of the Missing Arguments Nathan Schneider SemEval July 16, 2010 Dipanjan Das School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon
More informationWE GAVE A LAWYER BASIC MATH SKILLS, AND YOU WON T BELIEVE WHAT HAPPENED NEXT
WE GAVE A LAWYER BASIC MATH SKILLS, AND YOU WON T BELIEVE WHAT HAPPENED NEXT PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF RANDOM SAMPLING IN ediscovery By Matthew Verga, J.D. INTRODUCTION Anyone who spends ample time working
More informationParsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009 ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 28 Parsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts Mirzanur Rahman 1, Sufal
More informationInleiding Taalkunde. Docent: Paola Monachesi. Blok 4, 2001/ Syntax 2. 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2. 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3
Inleiding Taalkunde Docent: Paola Monachesi Blok 4, 2001/2002 Contents 1 Syntax 2 2 Phrases and constituent structure 2 3 A minigrammar of Italian 3 4 Trees 3 5 Developing an Italian lexicon 4 6 S(emantic)-selection
More informationLanguage Acquisition Chart
Language Acquisition Chart This chart was designed to help teachers better understand the process of second language acquisition. Please use this chart as a resource for learning more about the way people
More informationChapter 4: Valence & Agreement CSLI Publications
Chapter 4: Valence & Agreement Reminder: Where We Are Simple CFG doesn t allow us to cross-classify categories, e.g., verbs can be grouped by transitivity (deny vs. disappear) or by number (deny vs. denies).
More informationAge Effects on Syntactic Control in. Second Language Learning
Age Effects on Syntactic Control in Second Language Learning Miriam Tullgren Loyola University Chicago Abstract 1 This paper explores the effects of age on second language acquisition in adolescents, ages
More informationApplying Speaking Criteria. For use from November 2010 GERMAN BREAKTHROUGH PAGRB01
Applying Speaking Criteria For use from November 2010 GERMAN BREAKTHROUGH PAGRB01 Contents Introduction 2 1: Breakthrough Stage The Languages Ladder 3 Languages Ladder can do statements for Breakthrough
More informationThe Structure of Multiple Complements to V
The Structure of Multiple Complements to Mitsuaki YONEYAMA 1. Introduction I have recently been concerned with the syntactic and semantic behavior of two s in English. In this paper, I will examine the
More informationContent Language Objectives (CLOs) August 2012, H. Butts & G. De Anda
Content Language Objectives (CLOs) Outcomes Identify the evolution of the CLO Identify the components of the CLO Understand how the CLO helps provide all students the opportunity to access the rigor of
More informationText and task authenticity in the EFL classroom
Text and task authenticity in the EFL classroom William Guariento and John Morley There is now a general consensus in language teaching that the use of authentic materials in the classroom is beneficial
More informationUnderlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider
0 Underlying and Surface Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph The Ohio State University Abbreviated Title Grammatical Relations in Greek consider Sentences Brian D. Joseph
More informationReviewed by Stefanie Wulff. University of North Texas
www.constructions-online.de; ISSN: 1860-2011 Brigitte Handwerker & Karin Madlener. Chunks für DAF: Theoretischer Hintergrund und Prototyp einer multimedialen Lernumgebung. Hohengehren: Schneider, 2009.
More informationDerivational: Inflectional: In a fit of rage the soldiers attacked them both that week, but lost the fight.
Final Exam (120 points) Click on the yellow balloons below to see the answers I. Short Answer (32pts) 1. (6) The sentence The kinder teachers made sure that the students comprehended the testable material
More informationWord Stress and Intonation: Introduction
Word Stress and Intonation: Introduction WORD STRESS One or more syllables of a polysyllabic word have greater prominence than the others. Such syllables are said to be accented or stressed. Word stress
More informationHonors Mathematics. Introduction and Definition of Honors Mathematics
Honors Mathematics Introduction and Definition of Honors Mathematics Honors Mathematics courses are intended to be more challenging than standard courses and provide multiple opportunities for students
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAM Critical Elements Analysis 1. High Priority Items Phonemic Awareness Instruction
CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAM Critical Elements Analysis 1 Program Name: Macmillan/McGraw Hill Reading 2003 Date of Publication: 2003 Publisher: Macmillan/McGraw Hill Reviewer Code: 1. X The program meets
More informationApproaches to control phenomena handout Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque
Approaches to control phenomena handout 6 5.4 Obligatory control and morphological case: Icelandic and Basque Icelandinc quirky case (displaying properties of both structural and inherent case: lexically
More informationCompositional Semantics
Compositional Semantics CMSC 723 / LING 723 / INST 725 MARINE CARPUAT marine@cs.umd.edu Words, bag of words Sequences Trees Meaning Representing Meaning An important goal of NLP/AI: convert natural language
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 ( 2014 ) CY-ICER Teacher intervention in the process of L2 writing acquisition
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 ( 2014 ) 238 242 CY-ICER 2014 Teacher intervention in the process of L2 writing acquisition Blanka
More informationLearning Structural Correspondences Across Different Linguistic Domains with Synchronous Neural Language Models
Learning Structural Correspondences Across Different Linguistic Domains with Synchronous Neural Language Models Stephan Gouws and GJ van Rooyen MIH Medialab, Stellenbosch University SOUTH AFRICA {stephan,gvrooyen}@ml.sun.ac.za
More informationACCREDITATION STANDARDS
ACCREDITATION STANDARDS Description of the Profession Interpretation is the art and science of receiving a message from one language and rendering it into another. It involves the appropriate transfer
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 154 ( 2014 ) 263 267 THE XXV ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC CONFERENCE, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE, 20-22 October
More informationInformatics 2A: Language Complexity and the. Inf2A: Chomsky Hierarchy
Informatics 2A: Language Complexity and the Chomsky Hierarchy September 28, 2010 Starter 1 Is there a finite state machine that recognises all those strings s from the alphabet {a, b} where the difference
More informationAuthor: Justyna Kowalczys Stowarzyszenie Angielski w Medycynie (PL) Feb 2015
Author: Justyna Kowalczys Stowarzyszenie Angielski w Medycynie (PL) www.angielskiwmedycynie.org.pl Feb 2015 Developing speaking abilities is a prerequisite for HELP in order to promote effective communication
More informationThe presence of interpretable but ungrammatical sentences corresponds to mismatches between interpretive and productive parsing.
Lecture 4: OT Syntax Sources: Kager 1999, Section 8; Legendre et al. 1998; Grimshaw 1997; Barbosa et al. 1998, Introduction; Bresnan 1998; Fanselow et al. 1999; Gibson & Broihier 1998. OT is not a theory
More informationHindi Aspectual Verb Complexes
Hindi Aspectual Verb Complexes HPSG-09 1 Introduction One of the goals of syntax is to termine how much languages do vary, in the hope to be able to make hypothesis about how much natural languages can
More informationNatural Language Processing. George Konidaris
Natural Language Processing George Konidaris gdk@cs.brown.edu Fall 2017 Natural Language Processing Understanding spoken/written sentences in a natural language. Major area of research in AI. Why? Humans
More informationASSISTIVE COMMUNICATION
ASSISTIVE COMMUNICATION Rupal Patel, Ph.D. Northeastern University Department of Speech Language Pathology & Audiology & Computer and Information Sciences www.cadlab.neu.edu Communication Disorders Language
More informationASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GENERAL EDUCATION CATEGORY 1C: WRITING INTENSIVE
ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR GENERAL EDUCATION CATEGORY 1C: WRITING INTENSIVE March 28, 2002 Prepared by the Writing Intensive General Education Category Course Instructor Group Table of Contents Section Page
More informationThe Effect of Written Corrective Feedback on the Accuracy of English Article Usage in L2 Writing
Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research Volume 3, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 110-120 Available online at www.jallr.com ISSN: 2376-760X The Effect of Written Corrective Feedback on the Accuracy of
More information2014 Colleen Elizabeth Fitzgerald
2014 Colleen Elizabeth Fitzgerald UNIFORMITY OF PRONOUN CASE ERRORS IN TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHILDREN S FIRST PERSON AND THIRD PERSON CASE ERRORS IN A LONGITUDINAL STUDY BY COLLEEN
More informationContext Free Grammars. Many slides from Michael Collins
Context Free Grammars Many slides from Michael Collins Overview I An introduction to the parsing problem I Context free grammars I A brief(!) sketch of the syntax of English I Examples of ambiguous structures
More informationModeling Attachment Decisions with a Probabilistic Parser: The Case of Head Final Structures
Modeling Attachment Decisions with a Probabilistic Parser: The Case of Head Final Structures Ulrike Baldewein (ulrike@coli.uni-sb.de) Computational Psycholinguistics, Saarland University D-66041 Saarbrücken,
More informationProbability and Statistics Curriculum Pacing Guide
Unit 1 Terms PS.SPMJ.3 PS.SPMJ.5 Plan and conduct a survey to answer a statistical question. Recognize how the plan addresses sampling technique, randomization, measurement of experimental error and methods
More informationBASIC ENGLISH. Book GRAMMAR
BASIC ENGLISH Book 1 GRAMMAR Anne Seaton Y. H. Mew Book 1 Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site: www.sdlback.com First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson,
More informationThe Structure of Relative Clauses in Maay Maay By Elly Zimmer
I Introduction A. Goals of this study The Structure of Relative Clauses in Maay Maay By Elly Zimmer 1. Provide a basic documentation of Maay Maay relative clauses First time this structure has ever been
More informationAn Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet
An Interactive Intelligent Language Tutor Over The Internet Trude Heift Linguistics Department and Language Learning Centre Simon Fraser University, B.C. Canada V5A1S6 E-mail: heift@sfu.ca Abstract: This
More informationGuidelines for Writing an Internship Report
Guidelines for Writing an Internship Report Master of Commerce (MCOM) Program Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 1. Introduction.... 3 2. The Required Components
More informationIn a Heartbeat Language level Learner type Time Activity Topic Language Materials
Language level: Intermediate (B1) Upper Intermediate (B2) Learner type: Teens and adults Time: 90 minutes Activity: Practicing expressions using the word heart, watching a short film trailer, predicting
More informationDEPARTMENT OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND STUDIES
FCC Curriculum 98 DEPARTMENT OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND STUDIES The Department of Japanese Language and Studies has two majors: Japanese Linguistics and Teaching Methods Japanese Studies Students entering
More informationCan Human Verb Associations help identify Salient Features for Semantic Verb Classification?
Can Human Verb Associations help identify Salient Features for Semantic Verb Classification? Sabine Schulte im Walde Institut für Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung Universität Stuttgart Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft,
More informationConstruction Grammar. Laura A. Michaelis.
Construction Grammar Laura A. Michaelis laura.michaelis@colorado.edu Department of Linguistics 295UCB University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 USA Keywords: syntax, semantics, argument structure,
More informationNAME: East Carolina University PSYC Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith
Module 10 1 NAME: East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith Study Questions for Chapter 10: Language and Education Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human
More informationFOREWORD.. 5 THE PROPER RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION. 8. УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) УРОК (Unit) 4 80.
CONTENTS FOREWORD.. 5 THE PROPER RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION. 8 УРОК (Unit) 1 25 1.1. QUESTIONS WITH КТО AND ЧТО 27 1.2. GENDER OF NOUNS 29 1.3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 31 УРОК (Unit) 2 38 2.1. PRESENT TENSE OF THE
More informationDid they acquire? Or were they taught?
ISLL, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 13/05/2011 Did they acquire? Or were they taught? A Framework for Investigating the Effects and Effect(ivenes)s of Instruction in Second Language Acquisition Alex Housen University
More informationCollocations of Nouns: How to Present Verb-noun Collocations in a Monolingual Dictionary
Sanni Nimb, The Danish Dictionary, University of Copenhagen Collocations of Nouns: How to Present Verb-noun Collocations in a Monolingual Dictionary Abstract The paper discusses how to present in a monolingual
More informationCommon Core State Standards for English Language Arts
Reading Standards for Literature 6-12 Grade 9-10 Students: 1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. 2.
More informationPrediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling
Prediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling Weiwei Sun, Zhifang Sui Institute of Computational Linguistics Peking University Beijing, 100871, China {ws, szf}@pku.edu.cn Haifeng Wang Toshiba
More informationUC Berkeley L2 Journal
UC Berkeley L2 Journal Title The role of input revisited: Nativist versus usage-based models Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/647983hc Journal L2 Journal, 1(1) ISSN 1945-0222 Author Zyzik, Eve
More informationSight Word Assessment
Make, Take & Teach Sight Word Assessment Assessment and Progress Monitoring for the Dolch 220 Sight Words What are sight words? Sight words are words that are used frequently in reading and writing. Because
More informationEliciting Language in the Classroom. Presented by: Dionne Ramey, SBCUSD SLP Amanda Drake, SBCUSD Special Ed. Program Specialist
Eliciting Language in the Classroom Presented by: Dionne Ramey, SBCUSD SLP Amanda Drake, SBCUSD Special Ed. Program Specialist Classroom Language: What we anticipate Students are expected to arrive with
More informationThe Acquisition of English Grammatical Morphemes: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners
105 By Fatemeh Behjat & Firooz Sadighi The Acquisition of English Grammatical Morphemes: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners Fatemeh Behjat fb_304@yahoo.com Islamic Azad University, Abadeh Branch, Iran Fatemeh
More informationDear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Reading Rods offer many outstanding features! Read on to discover how to put Reading Rods to work today!
Dear Teacher: Welcome to Reading Rods! Your Sentence Building Reading Rod Set contains 156 interlocking plastic Rods printed with words representing different parts of speech and punctuation marks. Students
More informationProgram Matrix - Reading English 6-12 (DOE Code 398) University of Florida. Reading
Program Requirements Competency 1: Foundations of Instruction 60 In-service Hours Teachers will develop substantive understanding of six components of reading as a process: comprehension, oral language,
More informationFiguration & Frequency: A Usage-Based Approach to Metaphor
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Linguistics ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2010 Figuration & Frequency: A Usage-Based Approach to Metaphor Daniel Sanford Follow this and additional
More informationEQuIP Review Feedback
EQuIP Review Feedback Lesson/Unit Name: On the Rainy River and The Red Convertible (Module 4, Unit 1) Content Area: English language arts Grade Level: 11 Dimension I Alignment to the Depth of the CCSS
More informationFormulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications
Formulaic Language and Fluency: ESL Teaching Applications Formulaic Language Terminology Formulaic sequence One such item Formulaic language Non-count noun referring to these items Phraseology The study
More informationDO CLASSROOM EXPERIMENTS INCREASE STUDENT MOTIVATION? A PILOT STUDY
DO CLASSROOM EXPERIMENTS INCREASE STUDENT MOTIVATION? A PILOT STUDY Hans Gremmen, PhD Gijs van den Brekel, MSc Department of Economics, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Abstract: More and more teachers
More informationL1 and L2 acquisition. Holger Diessel
L1 and L2 acquisition Holger Diessel Schedule Comparing L1 and L2 acquisition The role of the native language in L2 acquisition The critical period hypothesis [student presentation] Non-linguistic factors
More informationCEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency Scales
CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency s CEFR CEFR OVERALL ORAL PRODUCTION Has a good command of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms with awareness of connotative levels of meaning. Can convey
More informationProof Theory for Syntacticians
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES
AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMTICAL ERRORS MADE BY THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMAN 5 PADANG IN WRITING PAST EXPERIENCES Yelna Oktavia 1, Lely Refnita 1,Ernati 1 1 English Department, the Faculty of Teacher Training
More informationBasic Syntax. Doug Arnold We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English.
Basic Syntax Doug Arnold doug@essex.ac.uk We review some basic grammatical ideas and terminology, and look at some common constructions in English. 1 Categories 1.1 Word level (lexical and functional)
More informationKnowledge Elicitation Tool Classification. Janet E. Burge. Artificial Intelligence Research Group. Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Page 1 of 28 Knowledge Elicitation Tool Classification Janet E. Burge Artificial Intelligence Research Group Worcester Polytechnic Institute Knowledge Elicitation Methods * KE Methods by Interaction Type
More informationDOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY?
DOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY? Noor Rachmawaty (itaw75123@yahoo.com) Istanti Hermagustiana (dulcemaria_81@yahoo.com) Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia Abstract: This paper is based
More informationLanguage Development: The Components of Language. How Children Develop. Chapter 6
How Children Develop Language Acquisition: Part I Chapter 6 What is language? Creative or generative Structured Referential Species-Specific Units of Language Language Development: The Components of Language
More informationGood Enough Language Processing: A Satisficing Approach
Good Enough Language Processing: A Satisficing Approach Fernanda Ferreira (fernanda.ferreira@ed.ac.uk) Paul E. Engelhardt (Paul.Engelhardt@ed.ac.uk) Manon W. Jones (manon.wyn.jones@ed.ac.uk) Department
More informationLaporan Penelitian Unggulan Prodi
Nama Rumpun Ilmu : Ilmu Sosial Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Prodi THE ROLE OF BAHASA INDONESIA IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AT THE LANGUAGE TRAINING CENTER UMY Oleh: Dedi Suryadi, M.Ed. Ph.D NIDN : 0504047102
More informationLINGUISTICS. Learning Outcomes (Graduate) Learning Outcomes (Undergraduate) Graduate Programs in Linguistics. Bachelor of Arts in Linguistics
Stanford University 1 LINGUISTICS Courses offered by the Department of Linguistics are listed under the subject code LINGUIST on the Stanford Bulletin's ExploreCourses web site. Linguistics is the study
More information1/20 idea. We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21. based on assigned readings. so you ll be ready to discuss them in class
If we cancel class 1/20 idea We ll spend an extra hour on 1/21 I ll give you a brief writing problem for 1/21 based on assigned readings Jot down your thoughts based on your reading so you ll be ready
More informationTHE ACQUISITION OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES: THE PRIORITY OF PLURAL S
THE ACQUISITION OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES: THE PRIORITY OF PLURAL S *Ali Morshedi Tonekaboni 1 and Ramin Rahimy 2 1 Department of English Language, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, Iran 2 Department
More informationDesigning a Rubric to Assess the Modelling Phase of Student Design Projects in Upper Year Engineering Courses
Designing a Rubric to Assess the Modelling Phase of Student Design Projects in Upper Year Engineering Courses Thomas F.C. Woodhall Masters Candidate in Civil Engineering Queen s University at Kingston,
More informationEnhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-set Mapping, and EM-HMM-based Lexical Probabilities
Enhancing Unlexicalized Parsing Performance using a Wide Coverage Lexicon, Fuzzy Tag-set Mapping, and EM-HMM-based Lexical Probabilities Yoav Goldberg Reut Tsarfaty Meni Adler Michael Elhadad Ben Gurion
More informationWriting a composition
A good composition has three elements: Writing a composition an introduction: A topic sentence which contains the main idea of the paragraph. a body : Supporting sentences that develop the main idea. a
More informationROSETTA STONE PRODUCT OVERVIEW
ROSETTA STONE PRODUCT OVERVIEW Method Rosetta Stone teaches languages using a fully-interactive immersion process that requires the student to indicate comprehension of the new language and provides immediate
More information