1 Question particles. CAS LX 500 Topics: Language Universals Fall 2010, October 19. 8a. Q particles. 1.1 Bencini 2003

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1 CAS LX 500 Topics: Language Universals Fall 2010, October 19 8a. Q particles 1 Question particles 1.1 Bencini 2003 Yes-no questions and discourse A yes-no question takes a statement and inquires about its truth. There are subtleties a positive yes-no question is not quite the same as a negative one. (1) Does Ben drink? (2) Doesn t Ben drink? Particularly with the negative question, there are certain conditions under which it is appropriate. (e.g., I expected Ben to drink, but he isn t drinking.) Yes-no questions and focus A yes-no question can interact with focus as well. (3) Does Ben drink? (4) Does Ben drink? (5) Does Ben drink? These are all appropriate in different contexts although in each context, yes means: Ben drinks. E.g., for some reason, nobody seems to drink around here, but I haven t checked about Ben yet. Or, Ben seems like the tee-totaling type, I m surprised to have received some kind of evidence that he might drink. Or, I doubt that Ben drinks, but you ve just said something that suggests you think he does. Turkish and focus The distinction can be sometimes seen in languages that use questions particles, like Turkish. This also seems to link question particles and focus. Bencini limits her survey to the (6) type. (6) Hasan o kitab-ı oku-du Hasan that book-acc read-past Did Hasan read that book? mu? Q 1

2 (7) Hasan mi o kitab-ı oku-du? Hasan Q that book-acc read-past Did Hasan read that book? (8) Hasan o kitab-ı mi oku-du? Hasan that book-acc Q read-past Did Hasan read that book? Typology of yes-no questions Bencini (2003) cites Ultan (1978) as having given several possible ways to mark yes-no questions across languages: intonation question particles word order changes sentence-final tags non-intonational phonological changes on final phonological segments Question particles and their positioning Some languages put question particles at the beginning, some put them at the end. Actually, most put them at the end. Of the languages Bencini surveys, she finds three (Albanian, Latin, Romanian) with initial question particles, the rest are final. Bencini is particularly concerned with the validity of looking at Q S like we look at V O (as a head and dependent ). Does the QS order tend to match the VO order (as occurs in, say, PPs)? Well, no. What determines it, then? Etymology One thing that Bencini observed was that etymologically, there is a pretty small range of things that the Q particles seem to be related to. Mostly, or and not. She also mentions Latin num for expressing doubt (ka can I think even in Modern Japanese do this, but did do this in history as well). Why these? 2

3 Source Reanalysis QP position S (or) not S S not > S Q final or S or S > Q S initial S or S or > S Q final Grammaticalization The idea behind this is that hearing something like or S often enough in the context of yes-no questions might lead a language learner to assume that or is a question particle rather than regular old or. Then we have two kinds of or, one that means or and one that means Q. (9) Are you going or not? (10) Are you going [ornot]? Source constructions Bencini looks at the cases where the source construction is negation particularly (since or doesn t differentiate), and finds Language order Q-posn Arabic VSO final Guadalupe creole SVO final Hungarian SVO final Latin SOV final Lao SOV final Mandarin SVO final Nung SVO final Quechua SVO final Vietnamese SVO final Synchrony vs. diachrony What she found was that (a) they are all final (as she expected), and (b) it does not correlate with O V. Bencini takes this as evidence for a diachronic account Q is final because it is a reanalyzed Neg, from an S (or) not [S] construction. Still there must be a synchronic grammar. So, if Q is a head, it is on one side or the other. It is preferentially on the right, it seems. But we also know that 3

4 languages aren t entirely consistent about their headedness, particularly between things like CP and VP. 1.2 Cheng 1997 Yes-no questions vs. wh-questions Baker (1970) suggests the following. Baker s (1970) hypothesis Only languages which position their particles for yes-no questions in clause-initial position permit a movement rule for questioned constituents. Although there are languages with initial yes-no particles, and no wh-movement (Hopi, Bahasa Indonesia, Hindi). Non-movement (wh-in-situ) languages Language yes/no question wh-question Hindi kyaa Palauan agreement agreement Iraqi Arabic hal Egyptian Arabic sh/pronouns Gulf Arabic?idha/lo Mandarin ma/a-not-a ne/ Cantonese A-not-A a Navajo da?... ( ísh) lá/ sh Papago n Hopi ya ya Japanese no-(ka) ka/(no)-ka Korean ci ci Indonesian apa(kah) Swahili je Amharic wey Lardil kara Turkish mu Cheng s generalization Cheng (1997) proposes the following 4

5 In-situ and yes-no particles In-situ languages have special markings in yes-no question. Yes-no particles in-situ Languages with special markings in yes-no questions are in-situ languages. Restated The presence of overt yes-no particles implies (possibly non-overt) wh-particles. And: In-situ languages have wh-particles. Languages with wh-particles are in-situ languages. Clauses must be typed. References Baker, C.L Notes on the description of English questions: The role of an abstract question morpheme. Foundations of Language 6: Bencini, Giulia Toward a diachronic typology of yes/no question constructions with particles. In CLS 39: The Main Session, Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen On the typology of wh-questions. New York: Garland. Ultan, Russell Seme general characteristics of interrogative systems. In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.) Universals of human languages, vol. 4: Syntax, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 5

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8 610 Language Family order QP QP position QP origin Albanian VSO a Initial a (disj) Amharic S. Semitic SOV way Final way (disj) Arabic Syrian Arabic VSO hal Final halo (neg) Basque isolate SOV al Final ala (disj) Guadalupe Spanish creole SVO anh/onh Final anh (neg) creole Hausa Chadic (A.A) SVO kö Final kö (disj) Hungarian Ugric (Uralic) SVO e Final e (neg) Kannada Dravidic SOV a Final a (disj) Kobon Papua SOV aka Final aka (disj) New Guinea Latin IE (Italic) SOV ne Final ne (neg) Latin IE (Italic) SOV an Initial utrum an (disj) Lao Tai SOV boh Final boh (neg) Luo Nilo-Saharan SVO koso Final koso(disj) Limbu Tibeto-Burman SOV i Final i (disj) Mandarin Sinitic SVO ma/ bu Final bu (neg) Nung Tai SVO mi Final mi (neg) Quechua Quechumarn SVO chu Final chu (neg) Romanian Romance SVO au Initial aut (disj) Sango Niger-Congo VSO wala Final wala (disj) Tibetan Tibeto-Burman SOV am Final am (disj) Turkish Turkic (Altaic) SOV mi Final mü Vietnamese Mon-Khmer SVO khong Final khong (neg) Yoruba Kwa SVO bi Final abi (disj) TABLE 1. Origin of yes/no question particles Source construction for yes/no questions The diachronic account proposed here is that QPs derive from the grammaticalization of other grammatical elements in novel interrogative constructions that are motivated by the discourse- 2 Legend: neg = negation ('not'); disj = disjunction ('or')

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