Contents Chapter 1 Lexicology and Words... 1 Chapter 2 Some Basic Concepts and Word Meanings... 15

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 Lexicology and Words Introduction What Is Lexicology? Morphology and Semantics Etymology and Lexicography What Is a Word? Difficulties in the Definition of the Word Major Features of Words Words in Linguistic Analysis Word Classes Lexical and Grammatical Words Words and Semantic Fields Exercises...13 Chapter 2 Some Basic Concepts and Word Meanings Introduction Morpheme, Lexeme and Morph Morpheme Lexeme Morph Types of Morphemes Word Meanings Denotation and Reference Denotation and Sense Seven types of Meaning Conceptual Meaning... 21

2 英语词汇学教程 Connotative Meaning Social and Affective Meanings Reflected and Collocative Meanings Thematic Meaning Root and Stem Polysemy Homonymy...27 Exercises...29 Chapter 3 The Origins of English Words ii 3.1 Introduction The Development of English The Historical Periods of English Old English Period ( ) The Middle English Period ( ) Early Modern English Period ( ) The Modern English Period (1800-present) American English Native English Vocabulary Major Influences on English The Scandinavian Influence The Norman Conquest The Latin Influence Borrowings in English Latin words in English Greek and French Loanwords German, Dutch and Italian Loanwords Loanwords from the East Loanwords from Other Sources The Size of English Vocabulary Creation of New English Words... 51

3 3.9.1 Root Creation Onomatopoeic words and Ejaculations Word formation Exercises...53 Chapter 4 Word Formation in English Introduction Inflection and Derivation Definition of Inflection Functions of Inflection Derivational Affix Functions of Derivations Types of Derivational Affix Compounding Definition of Compounding Characteristics of Compounds Common Patterns of compounds Other Word-formation Processes Conversion Blending Shortenings Backformation Words from Proper Names and Metanalysis Words from Proper Names Metanalysis Exercises...76 Chapter 5 Sense Relations Introduction Characteristics of Sense Relations Synonymy...79 iii

4 英语词汇学教程 Two Types of Synonymy Difference Among Synonyms Antonymy Gradable Antonyms Complementary Antonyms Converse antonyms Hyponymy Meronymy Collocation Free and Fixed Combinations Grammatical Collocations Lexical Collocations Other Features of Collocation Metaphorical Extension Exercises...89 Chapter 6 Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs Introduction Idioms Classification of Idioms Different Aspects of Idioms Multiword verbs Proverbs...97 Exercises...99 Chapter 7 English Dictionaries iv 7.1 Introduction Organization of the Entry Headword Pronunciation

5 7.2.3 Grammatical Information Etymology Definition Examples Related Forms and Usage Labels Illustrations Supplementary Matter Corpora Dictionary Shelf-life Types of Dictionaries General and Specialized Dictionaries Monolingual and Bilingual dictionaries Electronic and Print Dictionaries Unabridged Dictionaries Learner s Dictionaries and Children s Dictionaries Thesaurus A Review of Some Dictionaries The Oxford English Dictionary Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language The Chambers Dictionary Random House Webster s College Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Collins COBUILD English Dictionary Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners A New English-Chinese Dictionary and the English-Chinese Dictionary Exercises Chapter 8 Words in Context Introduction Dialect v

6 英语词汇学教程 8.3 Register and Style Taboo Words and Euphemisms Taboo Words Euphemisms Classification of Euphemisms The Use of Euphemisms Slang Jargon Meaning Shifts Broadening Narrowing Amelioration and Pejoration Exercises Chapter 9 English Words and Cognition Introduction The Mental Lexicon Metaphor Cognitive Interpretation of Metaphor Cognitive Modeling of Metaphor Spatial Terms and Spatial Relationships The Flexibility of Spatial Terms Cognitive Mappings of Spatial Terms Prototype and Radial Categories Radiality and the Meaning of the Suffix-able Radiality in Attributes Exercises References vi