An Introduction to English Language

Transcription

1 An Introduction to English Language Word, Sound and Sentence Second edition Koenraad Kuiper AND W. Scott Allan macmillan

2 Contents Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition Acknowledgements Abbreviations and symbols The International Phonetic Alphabet XII xiv xvii xix xxi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS A LANGUAGE? 1.1 Properties of human language Language is a code Linguistic symbols have function and form Linguistic units are constructed according to rules Language is specifically human Language use is creative Language use is constrained Glossary Further reading part one Words 17 fghapter 2 THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF WORDS Introduction: dictionaries and lexemes 2.1 Words and their grammatical categories: syntactic categories and inflection Introduction Nouns Adjectives vii

3 viii C0NTEN Verbs ; Adverbs [ Prepositions '. 2.2 Word formation! Compounding : Derivational affixation Conversion 2.3 Kinds of morphemes Bound and free morphemes Stems and affixes More on inflectional morphemes 2.4 Morphological properties Existing and non-existing, possible and impossible words Productivity Diagramming word structure CHAPTER 3 i WORD MEANINGS AND VOCABULARIES 3.1 The meaning of words Sameness and difference of sense Oppositeness of sense Sense components Tropes Word meanings in context Reference Word associations and connotations 3.2 Vocabularies Adding to vocabularies Coining new words Change through time Reduced usage, archaism and loss Word histories Dialect vocabularies Specialist vocabularies Formality and vocabulary Dictionaries Glossary Further reading

4 CONTENTS IX part two Sounds 101 ^CHAPTER 4 SPEECH SOUNDS 4.1 Sounds and spelling The International Phonetic Alphabet 4.2 Articulatory phonetics Organs of speech Speech production Vowels CHAPTER 5 THE PHONOLOGY OF ENGLISH Introduction - sounds: same vs different 5.1 Identification of phonemes Complementary distribution Defective distribution Parallel distribution Free variation Variation and dialects 5.2 Phonemes and allophones revisited 5.3 Phonemic analysis The phonemic system Phonotactics Allophonic rules 5.4 Allophonic processes Aspiration Assimilation Elision Insertion 5.5 Allophones Oral stops Voiced fricatives Sonorants Vowels 5.6 Derivations 5.7 Features The necessity of features A set of distinctive features for English

5 Classificatory features Nasals Place of articulation features Tongue body features Further articulatory features Manner features Source features Feature matrices and redundancy Natural classes The plural revisited CHAPTER 6 SYLLABLES AND SUPRASEGMENTALS Syllables Syllable boundaries and phonotactics Syllable structure Nucleus, rhyme, onset and coda Rhyme schemes Suprasegmental features of English Pitch Intonation Stress Levels of stress Stress in connected speech: rhythm Rhythm and meter in poetry Glossary Further reading part three Sentences CHAPTER 7 THE STRUCTURE OF SIMPLE SENTENCES Introduction 7.1 Simple phrases Three ways to identify phrases Heads and modifiers Noun phrase Adjective phrase Prepositional phrase Verb phrase

6 CONTENTS xi 7.2 Simple clauses and their functional constituents Subject Predicate Objects Intensive complements Adverbials CHAPTERJ3 COMPLEX SYNTAX Complex phrases and clauses Subcategorization of heads of phrase Co-ordination Syntactic relatedness Yes/no question formation Wh questions and wh movement Relative clauses and wh movement Commands Passive Tag questions and dialect Main and subordinate clauses Empty constituents Grammatical change Lexicalized phrases and clauses Glossary 303 Further reading 307 Answers to exercises 309 Index 360