CHAPTER 3 SYNTACTIC PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES FOR OBJECT IDENTIFICATION
|
|
- Owen Cross
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 3 SYNTACTIC PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES FOR OBJECT IDENTIFICATION 3.1. Introduction Pattern recognition problems may be logically divided into two major categories, (i) Study of pattern recognition capabilities of human beings and (ii) Development of theory and techniques for the design of devices that perform a pattern recognition task for a specific application. Pattern recognition could be formally defined as categorization of input data into identifiable classes via extraction of significant features or attributes of the data from the background of irrelevant detail. A pattern class is a category determined by some given common attributes. A pattern is the description of any member of a category representing a pattern class. When a set of patterns of different classes are available, it is necessary to categorize these patterns into their respective classes through the use of some automatic device. 34
2 3.2. Design concepts of Automatic Pattern Recognition The design concepts for automatic pattern recognition are motivated by the ways in which pattern classes are characterized and defined [27]. Three basic design concepts are discussed in the following Membership-roster Concept Characterization of a pattern class by a roster of its members suggests automatic pattern recognition by template matching. The set of patterns belonging to the same pattern class is stored in the pattern recognition system. When an unknown pattern is given to the system, it is compared with the stored patterns and the system classifies this input pattern as a member of a pattern class if it matches with one of the stored patterns belonging to that pattern class. The membership-roster approach works well for near perfect noise-free pattern samples Common-property Concept Characterization of a pattern by the common properties shared by all of its members suggests common property concept of automatic pattern recognition system. The patterns with common properties or attributes which reflect similarities among these patterns, are stored in the pattern recognition system. When an unknown pattern is observed by 35
3 the system, its features are extracted and sometimes coded and then are compared with the stored features. The recognition scheme will classify the new pattern as belonging to the pattern class if its features match with any of the stored features of that class. So, the main objective in this approach is to determine common properties from a finite set of sample patterns and to examine a new pattern for a suitable match Clustering Concept When the patterns of a class are vectors whose components are real numbers, a pattern class can be characterized by its clustering properties in the pattern space. The pattern recognition system based on this concept could be designed using the relative geometrical arrangement of the target vectors. The unknown patterns can be easily classified, if the target vectors are far apart in their geometrical arrangement. The simple recognition scheme used in such case is minimum-distance classifiers. On the other hand when the clusters overlap more sophisticated techniques are used for partitioning the pattern space Methodologies The basic design of automatic pattern recognition systems described above makes use of three categories of methodologies: (i) 36
4 heuristic, (ii) mathematical, and (iii) linguistic or syntactic. Sometimes, a combination of these methods is also used in the design of a pattern recognition system Heuristic Methods The heuristic approach is based on human intuition and experience, making use of the membership-roster and common-property concepts. A system designed using this approach would usually consist of ad hoc procedures developed for specialized recognition tasks. Heuristic approach is an important branch of pattern recognition system design, but lacks in generalization since each problem requires application of specifically tailored design rules Mathematical Methods The approach is based on classification rules, which are formulated and derived in a mathematical framework, making use of the common-property and clustering concepts. The mathematical approach may be subdivided into two categories: deterministic and statistical. The deterministic approach is based on a mathematical framework, which does not employ explicitly the statistical properties of the pattern classes under consideration. The statistical approach is based on mathematical classification rules, which are formulated and derived in a statistical framework. 37
5 Linguistic (syntactic) Methods Characterization of patterns by sub patterns and their relationships suggests as automatic pattern recognition by the linguistic or syntactic approach, making use of the common-property concept. A pattern can be described by a hierarchical structure of sub patterns analogous to the syntactic structure of formal languages [67]. This permits the use of formal languages for tackling pattern recognition problems. A pattern grammar consists of finite sets of elements called variables, primitives, and productions. The production rules determine the type of grammar to be used for pattern recognition. Among the most studied grammars are regular grammars, context free grammars, and context-sensitive grammars. The selection of pattern primitives, the assembling or the primitives and their relationships into pattern grammars, and analysis and recognition uses the rules of these grammars. This approach is also useful in dealing with patterns, which cannot be conveniently described by numerical measurements Syntactic Pattern Recognition (SPR) Among the various techniques for object recognition, syntactic pattern recognition technique is generally preferred when high-speed 38
6 recognition is a matter of concern. The idea behind syntactic pattern recognition is the specification of a set of pattern primitives, a set of rules that governs their interconnection and a recognizer whose structure is determined by the set of rules in the grammar. The description of an object is called pattern. When a person perceives a pattern he makes an inductive inference and associates his perception with some concepts or clues which he might have derived from his past experience. Thus the problem of pattern recognition may be recorded as a classification process of discriminating input data not between individual patterns but between pattern classes via search for certain invariant attributes among members of classes. The patterns used in the process of pattern recognition for identification and classification of patterns are either spatial or temporal. Spatial patterns are those which occupy space like characters, fingerprints, weather maps, physical objects and pictures. Temporal patterns are time based like speech waveforms, electrocardiograms, and target signature and timer series. Syntactic pattern recognition is a new approach of pattern recognition which utilizes the concepts of formal language theory. The term syntactic pattern recognition is synonymous to linguistic pattern recognition grammatical pattern recognition and structural pattern recognition. The difference between the mathematical approach and 39
7 syntactic approach is that the former one explicitly utilizes the structure of pattern in recognition process, whereas syntactic approach deals with patterns on a strictly quantitative basis Formal Language Theory Syntactic pattern recognition follows the theory of formal languages. The origin of formal language theory may be traced in middle 1950 s with the development by Noam Chomsky s mathematical model of a grammar related to his work in natural languages. The concepts helpful to comprehend the formal language theory are defined below: An Alphabet is any finite set of symbols. A word over an alphabet is any string of finite length composed of symbols from the alphabet. For example, valid words of alphabet {0,1} are 0,1,00,01,10,11. A word with no symbols is called empty word and denoted by Λ. A language is any set of words over an alphabet. 40
8 As every language follows some specific grammar. Similarly the formal language is associated with a grammar which is basically a 4-tuple: G = {V N, V T, P, S} Where, V N is a set of non-terminals (variables); V T is a set of terminals (constants); P is a set of productions or rewriting rules; S is a set start or root symbol. S belongs to the set V N and V N and V T are disjoint sets, whereas V is the union of sets V N and V T. V * denotes the set (free monoid) of words consisting of the empty word Λ whereas V + is a set (free semi group) of sentences of V * - Λ. The language generated by G, is denoted by L(G). It is the set of strings that satisfy two conditions: (i) Each string is composed only of terminals (i.e., each string is a terminal sentence) (ii) Each string can be derived from S by suitable application of production from the set P. The set P of production consists of expressions of the form α β.the symbol indicates replacement of string α by the string β, where α is a string in V + and β is a string in V *. The set of production formulas are a part of a normal algorithm whose concept was introduced 41
9 by A.A. Markov. The normal algorithm recognizes angles from changes in the direction during contour tracking. This is done by Look Ahead Tracing (LAT) technique. Grammars differ only in their productions. Now, various types of grammar are: Unrestricted Grammar : - It has production formulas of the form α β, where α is a string and β is another string. Context-Sensitive Grammar : - It has production of the form α 1 Aα 2 α 1 βα 2, where α 1 and α 2 are in V *, β is in V + and A is in V N. This grammar allows replacement of the nonterminal A by the string β only when A appears in the context α 1 Aα 2 of string α 1 and α 2. Context free Grammar:- It has production of the form A β, where A is in V N and β is in V +. The name context free arises from the fact that the variable A may be replaced by a string β regardless of the context in which A appears. Regular (or Finite-state) Grammar:- It is one with productions of the form A ab or A a, where A and B are variables in V N and a is a terminal in V T. These grammars are sometimes called type 0, 1, 2 and 3 grammars respectively. The basic concepts underlying syntactic pattern 42
10 recognition is illustrated by the development of mathematical models of computing machines, called automata. Given an input string, an automaton is capable of recognizing whether the pattern belongs to the language with which the automaton is associated. A finite automaton is defined as the 5-tuple A f = (Q,, δ, q 0, F) Where Qis a finite, nonempty set of states, is a finite input alphabet, δ is a mapping from Q X into the collection of all subsets of Q, q 0 is the starting state, and F is a set of final or accepting states Formulation of the Syntactic Pattern Recognition Problem Suppose that we have two pattern classes W 1 and W 2. Let the patterns of these classes be composed of features from some finite set. We call the features terminals by V T. Here we use the set of constants denoted by V T = {R, DR, D, DL, L, UL, U, UR} and the root symbols would change depending on the object to be recognized. Note that R, D, L and U are elementary symbols and DR, DL, UL and UR are composite symbols of the alphabet V T. Certain primitives are also used instead of terminals in syntactic pattern recognition. The pattern classes W 1 and W 2 are composed of features from some finite set. If there exists a grammar 43
11 with the property that the language it generates consists of sentences or words (patterns), which belong exclusively to one of the pattern classes say W 1, this grammar can be used for pattern classification so that a pattern belongs to W 1 if it is a word in L(G 1 ) Syntactic Pattern Description The object to be recognized in an image in this case, is a twodimensional pattern. The string grammars of this pattern can be obtained by simple juxtaposition of a string, to form new strings. Juxtaposition of two strings means placing the objects together, without losing the identity of the objects. Concatenation can also be done but it involves spatial rearrangement as well as a loss of identity on the part of the individual objects. Juxtaposition of structures takes place only at two points called a head and tail of an arrow defined by these two points. Graph-like patterns can be recognised as two-dimensional patterns which can then be reduced to an equivalent string representation. The other useful technique for describing two-dimensional relationship is based on tree structures. A tree is a finite set T of one or more nodes such that: There is an especially designated node called the root of the tree 44
12 The remaining nodes (excluding the root) are partitioned into m disjoint sets T 1,T 2 T m, m 0, where each of these sets is in turn a tree. These trees are called sub trees of the root. A node of degree zero is called a leaf, while a node of higher degree is called a branch node. The tree representation of a pattern is called a pattern tree. Figure 3.1 shows the sample tree diagram for the given pattern. Figure 3.1: Tree representation of patterns Syntax-directed grammar is a mechanics for determining whether or not a pattern can be generated by a particular grammar. Once the grammars are known the basic problem is the development of a procedure for determining whether or not a given pattern represents a valid formula, a word or a sentence. As outlined earlier the procedure used in formal language theory to accomplish this is called parsing. Basically we consider two types of parsing techniques: (i) Top Down and (ii) Bottom Up. The top or root of the (inverted) tree is the start symbol S and through repeated application of the productions of the grammar one can attempt to arrive at the given terminal sentence. The 45
13 bottom up approach on the other hand starts with the given sentence and attempts to arrive at the symbol S by applying the production. In either case if the parsing fails then the given pattern represents an incorrect sentence and is therefore rejected. The parsing process can be further improved by employing the rules of syntax of the grammar [11]. Syntax is defined as the juxtaposition and concatenation of object. A rule of syntax states some permissible (or prohibited) relation between objects. A syntax-directed parser employs the syntax of the grammar in the parsing process. The syntactic pattern description of various types of objects as the top down process and the regeneration of objects from the sentence obtained as the bottom-up approach are briefly described in the next chapter. 46
Language properties and Grammar of Parallel and Series Parallel Languages
arxiv:1711.01799v1 [cs.fl] 6 Nov 2017 Language properties and Grammar of Parallel and Series Parallel Languages Mohana.N 1, Kalyani Desikan 2 and V.Rajkumar Dare 3 1 Division of Mathematics, School of
More informationErkki Mäkinen State change languages as homomorphic images of Szilard languages
Erkki Mäkinen State change languages as homomorphic images of Szilard languages UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE SCHOOL OF INFORMATION SCIENCES REPORTS IN INFORMATION SCIENCES 48 TAMPERE 2016 UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE
More informationInformatics 2A: Language Complexity and the. Inf2A: Chomsky Hierarchy
Informatics 2A: Language Complexity and the Chomsky Hierarchy September 28, 2010 Starter 1 Is there a finite state machine that recognises all those strings s from the alphabet {a, b} where the difference
More informationProof Theory for Syntacticians
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University Syntax 2 (Linguistics 602.02) January 5, 2012 Logics for Linguistics Many different kinds of logic are directly applicable to formalizing theories in syntax
More informationSyntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm
Syntax Parsing 1. Grammars and parsing 2. Top-down and bottom-up parsing 3. Chart parsers 4. Bottom-up chart parsing 5. The Earley Algorithm syntax: from the Greek syntaxis, meaning setting out together
More informationA General Class of Noncontext Free Grammars Generating Context Free Languages
INFORMATION AND CONTROL 43, 187-194 (1979) A General Class of Noncontext Free Grammars Generating Context Free Languages SARWAN K. AGGARWAL Boeing Wichita Company, Wichita, Kansas 67210 AND JAMES A. HEINEN
More informationUniversity of Groningen. Systemen, planning, netwerken Bosman, Aart
University of Groningen Systemen, planning, netwerken Bosman, Aart IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document
More informationAGS THE GREAT REVIEW GAME FOR PRE-ALGEBRA (CD) CORRELATED TO CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS
AGS THE GREAT REVIEW GAME FOR PRE-ALGEBRA (CD) CORRELATED TO CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS 1 CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARDS: Chapter 1 ALGEBRA AND WHOLE NUMBERS Algebra and Functions 1.4 Students use algebraic
More informationAQUA: An Ontology-Driven Question Answering System
AQUA: An Ontology-Driven Question Answering System Maria Vargas-Vera, Enrico Motta and John Domingue Knowledge Media Institute (KMI) The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
More informationCS 598 Natural Language Processing
CS 598 Natural Language Processing Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere Natural language is everywhere!"#$%&'&()*+,-./012 34*5665756638/9:;< =>?@ABCDEFGHIJ5KL@
More informationA Grammar for Battle Management Language
Bastian Haarmann 1 Dr. Ulrich Schade 1 Dr. Michael R. Hieb 2 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics 2 George Mason University bastian.haarmann@fkie.fraunhofer.de
More informationPRODUCT PLATFORM DESIGN: A GRAPH GRAMMAR APPROACH
Proceedings of DETC 99: 1999 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences September 12-16, 1999, Las Vegas, Nevada DETC99/DTM-8762 PRODUCT PLATFORM DESIGN: A GRAPH GRAMMAR APPROACH Zahed Siddique Graduate
More informationObjectives. Chapter 2: The Representation of Knowledge. Expert Systems: Principles and Programming, Fourth Edition
Chapter 2: The Representation of Knowledge Expert Systems: Principles and Programming, Fourth Edition Objectives Introduce the study of logic Learn the difference between formal logic and informal logic
More informationGrammars & Parsing, Part 1:
Grammars & Parsing, Part 1: Rules, representations, and transformations- oh my! Sentence VP The teacher Verb gave the lecture 2015-02-12 CS 562/662: Natural Language Processing Game plan for today: Review
More informationA Version Space Approach to Learning Context-free Grammars
Machine Learning 2: 39~74, 1987 1987 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston - Manufactured in The Netherlands A Version Space Approach to Learning Context-free Grammars KURT VANLEHN (VANLEHN@A.PSY.CMU.EDU)
More informationMontana Content Standards for Mathematics Grade 3. Montana Content Standards for Mathematical Practices and Mathematics Content Adopted November 2011
Montana Content Standards for Mathematics Grade 3 Montana Content Standards for Mathematical Practices and Mathematics Content Adopted November 2011 Contents Standards for Mathematical Practice: Grade
More informationOn-Line Data Analytics
International Journal of Computer Applications in Engineering Sciences [VOL I, ISSUE III, SEPTEMBER 2011] [ISSN: 2231-4946] On-Line Data Analytics Yugandhar Vemulapalli #, Devarapalli Raghu *, Raja Jacob
More informationModule 12. Machine Learning. Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur
Module 12 Machine Learning 12.1 Instructional Objective The students should understand the concept of learning systems Students should learn about different aspects of a learning system Students should
More informationRANKING AND UNRANKING LEFT SZILARD LANGUAGES. Erkki Mäkinen DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE REPORT A ER E P S I M S
N S ER E P S I M TA S UN A I S I T VER RANKING AND UNRANKING LEFT SZILARD LANGUAGES Erkki Mäkinen DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE REPORT A-1997-2 UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE DEPARTMENT OF
More informationPage 1 of 11. Curriculum Map: Grade 4 Math Course: Math 4 Sub-topic: General. Grade(s): None specified
Curriculum Map: Grade 4 Math Course: Math 4 Sub-topic: General Grade(s): None specified Unit: Creating a Community of Mathematical Thinkers Timeline: Week 1 The purpose of the Establishing a Community
More informationDeveloping a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser
Developing a TT-MCTAG for German with an RCG-based Parser Laura Kallmeyer, Timm Lichte, Wolfgang Maier, Yannick Parmentier, Johannes Dellert University of Tübingen, Germany CNRS-LORIA, France LREC 2008,
More informationChinese Language Parsing with Maximum-Entropy-Inspired Parser
Chinese Language Parsing with Maximum-Entropy-Inspired Parser Heng Lian Brown University Abstract The Chinese language has many special characteristics that make parsing difficult. The performance of state-of-the-art
More informationReinForest: Multi-Domain Dialogue Management Using Hierarchical Policies and Knowledge Ontology
ReinForest: Multi-Domain Dialogue Management Using Hierarchical Policies and Knowledge Ontology Tiancheng Zhao CMU-LTI-16-006 Language Technologies Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon
More informationHighlighting and Annotation Tips Foundation Lesson
English Highlighting and Annotation Tips Foundation Lesson About this Lesson Annotating a text can be a permanent record of the reader s intellectual conversation with a text. Annotation can help a reader
More informationQuickStroke: An Incremental On-line Chinese Handwriting Recognition System
QuickStroke: An Incremental On-line Chinese Handwriting Recognition System Nada P. Matić John C. Platt Λ Tony Wang y Synaptics, Inc. 2381 Bering Drive San Jose, CA 95131, USA Abstract This paper presents
More informationSome Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction
Some Principles of Automated Natural Language Information Extraction Gregers Koch Department of Computer Science, Copenhagen University DIKU, Universitetsparken 1, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract
More informationOCR for Arabic using SIFT Descriptors With Online Failure Prediction
OCR for Arabic using SIFT Descriptors With Online Failure Prediction Andrey Stolyarenko, Nachum Dershowitz The Blavatnik School of Computer Science Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel Email: stloyare@tau.ac.il,
More informationLanguage Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter Lexical Categories. Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus
Language Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter 2011 Lexical Categories Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus Computational Linguistics and Phonetics Saarland University Children s Sensitivity to Lexical Categories Look,
More informationParsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts
IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009 ISSN (Online): 1694-0784 ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 28 Parsing of part-of-speech tagged Assamese Texts Mirzanur Rahman 1, Sufal
More information"f TOPIC =T COMP COMP... OBJ
TREATMENT OF LONG DISTANCE DEPENDENCIES IN LFG AND TAG: FUNCTIONAL UNCERTAINTY IN LFG IS A COROLLARY IN TAG" Aravind K. Joshi Dept. of Computer & Information Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia,
More informationLiquid Narrative Group Technical Report Number
http://liquidnarrative.csc.ncsu.edu/pubs/tr04-004.pdf NC STATE UNIVERSITY_ Liquid Narrative Group Technical Report Number 04-004 Equivalence between Narrative Mediation and Branching Story Graphs Mark
More informationPrediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling
Prediction of Maximal Projection for Semantic Role Labeling Weiwei Sun, Zhifang Sui Institute of Computational Linguistics Peking University Beijing, 100871, China {ws, szf}@pku.edu.cn Haifeng Wang Toshiba
More informationCOMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF LEFT-ASSOCIATIVE GRAMMAR
COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF LEFT-ASSOCIATIVE GRAMMAR ROLAND HAUSSER Institut für Deutsche Philologie Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München München, West Germany 1. CHOICE OF A PRIMITIVE OPERATION The
More informationDiscriminative Learning of Beam-Search Heuristics for Planning
Discriminative Learning of Beam-Search Heuristics for Planning Yuehua Xu School of EECS Oregon State University Corvallis,OR 97331 xuyu@eecs.oregonstate.edu Alan Fern School of EECS Oregon State University
More informationThis scope and sequence assumes 160 days for instruction, divided among 15 units.
In previous grades, students learned strategies for multiplication and division, developed understanding of structure of the place value system, and applied understanding of fractions to addition and subtraction
More informationMachine Learning from Garden Path Sentences: The Application of Computational Linguistics
Machine Learning from Garden Path Sentences: The Application of Computational Linguistics http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v9i6.4109 J.L. Du 1, P.F. Yu 1 and M.L. Li 2 1 Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,
More informationDeveloping True/False Test Sheet Generating System with Diagnosing Basic Cognitive Ability
Developing True/False Test Sheet Generating System with Diagnosing Basic Cognitive Ability Shih-Bin Chen Dept. of Information and Computer Engineering, Chung-Yuan Christian University Chung-Li, Taiwan
More informationAn Introduction to the Minimalist Program
An Introduction to the Minimalist Program Luke Smith University of Arizona Summer 2016 Some findings of traditional syntax Human languages vary greatly, but digging deeper, they all have distinct commonalities:
More informationTransfer Learning Action Models by Measuring the Similarity of Different Domains
Transfer Learning Action Models by Measuring the Similarity of Different Domains Hankui Zhuo 1, Qiang Yang 2, and Lei Li 1 1 Software Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. zhuohank@gmail.com,lnslilei@mail.sysu.edu.cn
More informationAbstractions and the Brain
Abstractions and the Brain Brian D. Josephson Department of Physics, University of Cambridge Cavendish Lab. Madingley Road Cambridge, UK. CB3 OHE bdj10@cam.ac.uk http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~bdj10 ABSTRACT
More informationOntologies vs. classification systems
Ontologies vs. classification systems Bodil Nistrup Madsen Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen, Denmark bnm.isv@cbs.dk Hanne Erdman Thomsen Copenhagen Business School Copenhagen, Denmark het.isv@cbs.dk
More informationBasic Parsing with Context-Free Grammars. Some slides adapted from Julia Hirschberg and Dan Jurafsky 1
Basic Parsing with Context-Free Grammars Some slides adapted from Julia Hirschberg and Dan Jurafsky 1 Announcements HW 2 to go out today. Next Tuesday most important for background to assignment Sign up
More informationFirst Grade Standards
These are the standards for what is taught throughout the year in First Grade. It is the expectation that these skills will be reinforced after they have been taught. Mathematical Practice Standards Taught
More informationThe Strong Minimalist Thesis and Bounded Optimality
The Strong Minimalist Thesis and Bounded Optimality DRAFT-IN-PROGRESS; SEND COMMENTS TO RICKL@UMICH.EDU Richard L. Lewis Department of Psychology University of Michigan 27 March 2010 1 Purpose of this
More informationMath-U-See Correlation with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content for Third Grade
Math-U-See Correlation with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematical Content for Third Grade The third grade standards primarily address multiplication and division, which are covered in Math-U-See
More informationIndividual Component Checklist L I S T E N I N G. for use with ONE task ENGLISH VERSION
L I S T E N I N G Individual Component Checklist for use with ONE task ENGLISH VERSION INTRODUCTION This checklist has been designed for use as a practical tool for describing ONE TASK in a test of listening.
More informationData Integration through Clustering and Finding Statistical Relations - Validation of Approach
Data Integration through Clustering and Finding Statistical Relations - Validation of Approach Marek Jaszuk, Teresa Mroczek, and Barbara Fryc University of Information Technology and Management, ul. Sucharskiego
More information11/29/2010. Statistical Parsing. Statistical Parsing. Simple PCFG for ATIS English. Syntactic Disambiguation
tatistical Parsing (Following slides are modified from Prof. Raymond Mooney s slides.) tatistical Parsing tatistical parsing uses a probabilistic model of syntax in order to assign probabilities to each
More informationCAAP. Content Analysis Report. Sample College. Institution Code: 9011 Institution Type: 4-Year Subgroup: none Test Date: Spring 2011
CAAP Content Analysis Report Institution Code: 911 Institution Type: 4-Year Normative Group: 4-year Colleges Introduction This report provides information intended to help postsecondary institutions better
More informationImplementing a tool to Support KAOS-Beta Process Model Using EPF
Implementing a tool to Support KAOS-Beta Process Model Using EPF Malihe Tabatabaie Malihe.Tabatabaie@cs.york.ac.uk Department of Computer Science The University of York United Kingdom Eclipse Process Framework
More informationLecture 10: Reinforcement Learning
Lecture 1: Reinforcement Learning Cognitive Systems II - Machine Learning SS 25 Part III: Learning Programs and Strategies Q Learning, Dynamic Programming Lecture 1: Reinforcement Learning p. Motivation
More informationLoughton School s curriculum evening. 28 th February 2017
Loughton School s curriculum evening 28 th February 2017 Aims of this session Share our approach to teaching writing, reading, SPaG and maths. Share resources, ideas and strategies to support children's
More informationDublin City Schools Mathematics Graded Course of Study GRADE 4
I. Content Standard: Number, Number Sense and Operations Standard Students demonstrate number sense, including an understanding of number systems and reasonable estimates using paper and pencil, technology-supported
More informationNatural Language Processing. George Konidaris
Natural Language Processing George Konidaris gdk@cs.brown.edu Fall 2017 Natural Language Processing Understanding spoken/written sentences in a natural language. Major area of research in AI. Why? Humans
More informationLecture 1: Basic Concepts of Machine Learning
Lecture 1: Basic Concepts of Machine Learning Cognitive Systems - Machine Learning Ute Schmid (lecture) Johannes Rabold (practice) Based on slides prepared March 2005 by Maximilian Röglinger, updated 2010
More informationRule Learning With Negation: Issues Regarding Effectiveness
Rule Learning With Negation: Issues Regarding Effectiveness S. Chua, F. Coenen, G. Malcolm University of Liverpool Department of Computer Science, Ashton Building, Ashton Street, L69 3BX Liverpool, United
More informationCS Machine Learning
CS 478 - Machine Learning Projects Data Representation Basic testing and evaluation schemes CS 478 Data and Testing 1 Programming Issues l Program in any platform you want l Realize that you will be doing
More informationChapter 2 Rule Learning in a Nutshell
Chapter 2 Rule Learning in a Nutshell This chapter gives a brief overview of inductive rule learning and may therefore serve as a guide through the rest of the book. Later chapters will expand upon the
More informationA R "! I,,, !~ii ii! A ow ' r.-ii ' i ' JA' V5, 9. MiN, ;
A R "! I,,, r.-ii ' i '!~ii ii! A ow ' I % i o,... V. 4..... JA' i,.. Al V5, 9 MiN, ; Logic and Language Models for Computer Science Logic and Language Models for Computer Science HENRY HAMBURGER George
More informationAxiom 2013 Team Description Paper
Axiom 2013 Team Description Paper Mohammad Ghazanfari, S Omid Shirkhorshidi, Farbod Samsamipour, Hossein Rahmatizadeh Zagheli, Mohammad Mahdavi, Payam Mohajeri, S Abbas Alamolhoda Robotics Scientific Association
More informationGuidelines for Writing an Internship Report
Guidelines for Writing an Internship Report Master of Commerce (MCOM) Program Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 1. Introduction.... 3 2. The Required Components
More informationGrade 6: Correlated to AGS Basic Math Skills
Grade 6: Correlated to AGS Basic Math Skills Grade 6: Standard 1 Number Sense Students compare and order positive and negative integers, decimals, fractions, and mixed numbers. They find multiples and
More informationLecture 1: Machine Learning Basics
1/69 Lecture 1: Machine Learning Basics Ali Harakeh University of Waterloo WAVE Lab ali.harakeh@uwaterloo.ca May 1, 2017 2/69 Overview 1 Learning Algorithms 2 Capacity, Overfitting, and Underfitting 3
More informationNumeracy Medium term plan: Summer Term Level 2C/2B Year 2 Level 2A/3C
Numeracy Medium term plan: Summer Term Level 2C/2B Year 2 Level 2A/3C Using and applying mathematics objectives (Problem solving, Communicating and Reasoning) Select the maths to use in some classroom
More informationPAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT If sub mission ins not a book, cite appropriate location(s))
Ohio Academic Content Standards Grade Level Indicators (Grade 11) A. ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY Students acquire vocabulary through exposure to language-rich situations, such as reading books and other
More informationStatewide Framework Document for:
Statewide Framework Document for: 270301 Standards may be added to this document prior to submission, but may not be removed from the framework to meet state credit equivalency requirements. Performance
More information(Sub)Gradient Descent
(Sub)Gradient Descent CMSC 422 MARINE CARPUAT marine@cs.umd.edu Figures credit: Piyush Rai Logistics Midterm is on Thursday 3/24 during class time closed book/internet/etc, one page of notes. will include
More informationTeaching a Laboratory Section
Chapter 3 Teaching a Laboratory Section Page I. Cooperative Problem Solving Labs in Operation 57 II. Grading the Labs 75 III. Overview of Teaching a Lab Session 79 IV. Outline for Teaching a Lab Session
More informationExtending Place Value with Whole Numbers to 1,000,000
Grade 4 Mathematics, Quarter 1, Unit 1.1 Extending Place Value with Whole Numbers to 1,000,000 Overview Number of Instructional Days: 10 (1 day = 45 minutes) Content to Be Learned Recognize that a digit
More informationEvolution of Collective Commitment during Teamwork
Fundamenta Informaticae 56 (2003) 329 371 329 IOS Press Evolution of Collective Commitment during Teamwork Barbara Dunin-Kȩplicz Institute of Informatics, Warsaw University Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
More informationArtificial Neural Networks written examination
1 (8) Institutionen för informationsteknologi Olle Gällmo Universitetsadjunkt Adress: Lägerhyddsvägen 2 Box 337 751 05 Uppsala Artificial Neural Networks written examination Monday, May 15, 2006 9 00-14
More informationSeminar - Organic Computing
Seminar - Organic Computing Self-Organisation of OC-Systems Markus Franke 25.01.2006 Typeset by FoilTEX Timetable 1. Overview 2. Characteristics of SO-Systems 3. Concern with Nature 4. Design-Concepts
More informationInnovative Methods for Teaching Engineering Courses
Innovative Methods for Teaching Engineering Courses KR Chowdhary Former Professor & Head Department of Computer Science and Engineering MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur Present: Director, JIETSETG Email:
More information- «Crede Experto:,,,». 2 (09) (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru) '36
- «Crede Experto:,,,». 2 (09). 2016 (http://ce.if-mstuca.ru) 811.512.122'36 Ш163.24-2 505.. е е ы, Қ х Ц Ь ғ ғ ғ,,, ғ ғ ғ, ғ ғ,,, ғ че ые :,,,, -, ғ ғ ғ, 2016 D. A. Alkebaeva Almaty, Kazakhstan NOUTIONS
More informationTABE 9&10. Revised 8/2013- with reference to College and Career Readiness Standards
TABE 9&10 Revised 8/2013- with reference to College and Career Readiness Standards LEVEL E Test 1: Reading Name Class E01- INTERPRET GRAPHIC INFORMATION Signs Maps Graphs Consumer Materials Forms Dictionary
More informationHow do adults reason about their opponent? Typologies of players in a turn-taking game
How do adults reason about their opponent? Typologies of players in a turn-taking game Tamoghna Halder (thaldera@gmail.com) Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India Khyati Sharma (khyati.sharma27@gmail.com)
More informationLearning Structural Correspondences Across Different Linguistic Domains with Synchronous Neural Language Models
Learning Structural Correspondences Across Different Linguistic Domains with Synchronous Neural Language Models Stephan Gouws and GJ van Rooyen MIH Medialab, Stellenbosch University SOUTH AFRICA {stephan,gvrooyen}@ml.sun.ac.za
More informationCONCEPT MAPS AS A DEVICE FOR LEARNING DATABASE CONCEPTS
CONCEPT MAPS AS A DEVICE FOR LEARNING DATABASE CONCEPTS Pirjo Moen Department of Computer Science P.O. Box 68 FI-00014 University of Helsinki pirjo.moen@cs.helsinki.fi http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/pirjo.moen
More information1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature
1 st Grade Curriculum Map Common Core Standards Language Arts 2013 2014 1 st Quarter (September, October, November) August/September Strand Topic Standard Notes Reading for Literature Key Ideas and Details
More informationLearning Methods in Multilingual Speech Recognition
Learning Methods in Multilingual Speech Recognition Hui Lin Department of Electrical Engineering University of Washington Seattle, WA 98125 linhui@u.washington.edu Li Deng, Jasha Droppo, Dong Yu, and Alex
More informationLearning goal-oriented strategies in problem solving
Learning goal-oriented strategies in problem solving Martin Možina, Timotej Lazar, Ivan Bratko Faculty of Computer and Information Science University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract The need
More informationRule Learning with Negation: Issues Regarding Effectiveness
Rule Learning with Negation: Issues Regarding Effectiveness Stephanie Chua, Frans Coenen, and Grant Malcolm University of Liverpool Department of Computer Science, Ashton Building, Ashton Street, L69 3BX
More informationRule-based Expert Systems
Rule-based Expert Systems What is knowledge? is a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or a domain. is also the sim of what is currently known, and apparently knowledge is power. Those who
More informationArizona s College and Career Ready Standards Mathematics
Arizona s College and Career Ready Mathematics Mathematical Practices Explanations and Examples First Grade ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION HIGH ACADEMIC STANDARDS FOR STUDENTS State Board Approved June
More informationENGBG1 ENGBL1 Campus Linguistics. Meeting 2. Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Pia Sundqvist
Meeting 2 Chapter 7 (Morphology) and chapter 9 (Syntax) Today s agenda Repetition of meeting 1 Mini-lecture on morphology Seminar on chapter 7, worksheet Mini-lecture on syntax Seminar on chapter 9, worksheet
More informationMissouri Mathematics Grade-Level Expectations
A Correlation of to the Grades K - 6 G/M-223 Introduction This document demonstrates the high degree of success students will achieve when using Scott Foresman Addison Wesley Mathematics in meeting the
More informationOn Human Computer Interaction, HCI. Dr. Saif al Zahir Electrical and Computer Engineering Department UBC
On Human Computer Interaction, HCI Dr. Saif al Zahir Electrical and Computer Engineering Department UBC Human Computer Interaction HCI HCI is the study of people, computer technology, and the ways these
More informationStudent Name: OSIS#: DOB: / / School: Grade:
Grade 6 ELA CCLS: Reading Standards for Literature Column : In preparation for the IEP meeting, check the standards the student has already met. Column : In preparation for the IEP meeting, check the standards
More informationVisual CP Representation of Knowledge
Visual CP Representation of Knowledge Heather D. Pfeiffer and Roger T. Hartley Department of Computer Science New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA email: hdp@cs.nmsu.edu and rth@cs.nmsu.edu
More informationCircuit Simulators: A Revolutionary E-Learning Platform
Circuit Simulators: A Revolutionary E-Learning Platform Mahi Itagi Padre Conceicao College of Engineering, Verna, Goa, India. itagimahi@gmail.com Akhil Deshpande Gogte Institute of Technology, Udyambag,
More informationMonitoring Metacognitive abilities in children: A comparison of children between the ages of 5 to 7 years and 8 to 11 years
Monitoring Metacognitive abilities in children: A comparison of children between the ages of 5 to 7 years and 8 to 11 years Abstract Takang K. Tabe Department of Educational Psychology, University of Buea
More informationImproving Fairness in Memory Scheduling
Improving Fairness in Memory Scheduling Using a Team of Learning Automata Aditya Kajwe and Madhu Mutyam Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Tehcnology - Madras June 14, 2014
More informationTowards a MWE-driven A* parsing with LTAGs [WG2,WG3]
Towards a MWE-driven A* parsing with LTAGs [WG2,WG3] Jakub Waszczuk, Agata Savary To cite this version: Jakub Waszczuk, Agata Savary. Towards a MWE-driven A* parsing with LTAGs [WG2,WG3]. PARSEME 6th general
More informationComprehension Recognize plot features of fairy tales, folk tales, fables, and myths.
4 th Grade Language Arts Scope and Sequence 1 st Nine Weeks Instructional Units Reading Unit 1 & 2 Language Arts Unit 1& 2 Assessments Placement Test Running Records DIBELS Reading Unit 1 Language Arts
More informationLarge vocabulary off-line handwriting recognition: A survey
Pattern Anal Applic (2003) 6: 97 121 DOI 10.1007/s10044-002-0169-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A. L. Koerich, R. Sabourin, C. Y. Suen Large vocabulary off-line handwriting recognition: A survey Received: 24/09/01
More informationLearning Disability Functional Capacity Evaluation. Dear Doctor,
Dear Doctor, I have been asked to formulate a vocational opinion regarding NAME s employability in light of his/her learning disability. To assist me with this evaluation I would appreciate if you can
More informationMASTER S THESIS GUIDE MASTER S PROGRAMME IN COMMUNICATION SCIENCE
MASTER S THESIS GUIDE MASTER S PROGRAMME IN COMMUNICATION SCIENCE University of Amsterdam Graduate School of Communication Kloveniersburgwal 48 1012 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands E-mail address: scripties-cw-fmg@uva.nl
More informationA Case Study: News Classification Based on Term Frequency
A Case Study: News Classification Based on Term Frequency Petr Kroha Faculty of Computer Science University of Technology 09107 Chemnitz Germany kroha@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de Ricardo Baeza-Yates Center
More informationProbabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis
Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis Thomas Hofmann Presentation by Ioannis Pavlopoulos & Andreas Damianou for the course of Data Mining & Exploration 1 Outline Latent Semantic Analysis o Need o Overview
More informationIntroduction to HPSG. Introduction. Historical Overview. The HPSG architecture. Signature. Linguistic Objects. Descriptions.
to as a linguistic theory to to a member of the family of linguistic frameworks that are called generative grammars a grammar which is formalized to a high degree and thus makes exact predictions about
More information