3.1 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The word that a pronoun refers to is called its antecedent. I, me we, us. he, she, it him, her, it

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2 Pronouns 8A & 8B

3 3.1 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The word that a pronoun refers to is called its antecedent. Personal Pronouns Singular Plural First person (Speaker) I, me we, us Second person (Spoken to) Third person (Spoken of) you he, she, it him, her, it you they them

4 Pronouns change form depending on: Person- who is speaking Number- whether they refer to one or more Gender- whether the antecedent is feminine, masculine, or neuter Feminine: she, her Masculine: he, him Neuter (neutral): it ** Only third person singular pronouns have gender.

5 3.2 Pronouns also change according to how they are used: Subjects/Subject Complements: I, we, you, he, she, it, and they Objects: me, us, you, him, her, it, and them.

6 Subject Pronouns: - Can be the subject or subject complement of a sentence. - We went on vacation. (subject) - The ones who got lost were my brother and I. (s.c. & part of a compound s.c.) - Use the subject form of a pronoun when the pronoun is part of a compound subject/ subject complement. - The pronoun referring to the speaker should come last in a pair or series.

7 Object Pronouns: - Can be used as the object of a verb or preposition. - My uncle took us to the museum. (direct object) - He showed me ancient Greek vases. (indirect object) - The guide explained the meaning of the imaged painted on them. (o.p.)

8 Dad showed us a book about Ansel Adams and his photography. As a boy Ansels father tutored him at home since he struggled in school. Adams loved natures beauty and captured it in hundreds of photo-graphs. He conferred with other photographers and artists and shared techniques with them. Adams befriended members of the Sierra Club and joined them on camping trips. Adams experiences in Yosemite left a great impression on him. He met a young woman Virginia Best in Yosemite and married her in Adams was an activist, and the protection of the environment was important to him. Adams work inspired me to take photographs of some of my favorite places.

9 3.4 The words than or as are used in comparisons and often these conjunctions join two clauses. - Jase is as good a singer as she. - Teachers choose him for solos more often than they choose her.

10 Sometimes the second clause is omitted and you need to mentally add the second clause to figure out whether to use a subject pronoun or object pronoun. - Rose is a better dancer than she [is a good dancer]. (subject pronoun) - Rose s dancing impressed me more than [it impressed] them. (object pronoun) [In the first sentence, the pronoun after than is the subject of the clause. So, the correct pronoun is SHE- a subject pronoun. In the second sentence, the pronoun after than is the direct object of the verb impressed. So, the correct pronoun is THEM- an object pronoun.]

11 In sentences where either a subject or an object pronoun could be correct, it is important to express comparison completely to avoid confusion. - I ve known Jerry longer than she [has known Jerry]. - I ve known Jerry longer than [I ve known] her. ** As you come across sentences with than or as, remember to supply missing words mentally to check for correct punctuation.

12 3.4 Possessive pronouns show possession or ownership. They take the place of possessive nouns. - The paints are Jerome s. (possessive noun) - The paints are his. (possessive pronoun) Possessive Pronouns Singular Plural First person (Speaker) mine ours Second person (Spoken to) yours yours Third person (Spoken of) His, hers, its theirs - Possessive pronouns change in form to indicate person, number, and gender. - Make sure possessive pronouns agree with their antecedents. ** Possessive pronouns do NOT contain apostrophes.

13 Possessive Pronouns Singular Plural First person (Speaker) mine ours Second person (Spoken to) yours yours Third person (Spoken of) His, hers, its theirs - Possessive pronouns change in form to indicate person, number, and gender. - Make sure possessive pronouns agree with their antecedents. ** Possessive pronouns do NOT contain apostrophes.

14 Possessive pronouns have the same roles in sentences as nouns do. - Hers is the large painting. (subject) - That sculpture is his. (subject complement) - Have you seen mine? (direct object)

15 Possessive adjectives always precede the nouns they modify. The possessive adjectives are: my, our. your, his, hers. Its, and their. Possessive Pronouns Mine is on that wall. Hers is beautiful.. Possessive Adjectives My painting is on that wall. Her ceramic pot is beautiful.

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17 3.6 An intensive pronoun is used to emphasize a preceding noun or pronoun. - I myself researched family vacation spots on the internet. - My mother herself was surprised at all the information I found. A reflexive pronoun is usually the object of a verb or a preposition. The reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the clause or sentence. - I enjoyed myself at the cabin. (D.O.) - They cooked themselves meals over an outdoor grill, (I.O.) - My mother packed the car by herself. (O.P)

18 Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns Singular Plural First person (Speaker) myself ourselves Second person (Spoken to) yourself yourselves Third person (Spoken of) Himself herself themselves

19 Hisself and Theirselves are not good usage. ** It is incorrect to use forms with -self instead of subject and object - Edward and I (not myself) don t know how to swim. - The meal was made by Hans and me (not myself). - Grandpa and you (not yourself) are great pals. - Grandpa relies on Maya and you (not yourself).

20 3.7 antecedent- the word which the pronoun refers to. Pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person. - Lloyd wrote Time Cat, and he has written several sci fi books. ** Lloyd is the antecedent and he (3rd p, m, s) is the pronoun. - Lloyd wrote about Holly. He places her in exciting and dangerous situations.

21 Exercise 1 p Readers are interested in time travel, and many books on this topic will appeal to them. 2. Twain is probably best known for his books set near the Mississippi, but he also wrote books set far away from it- in other times and places. 3. Twain s novel A Connecticut Yankee is set in the year A.D. 528, and it is, in fact, time travel book.

22 3.8 Interrogative pronouns- used to ask questions. Who - persons. Often the subject. Ex: Who visited New York? Whom- persons. Often the object of a verb or a preposition. Ex: Whom did you visit there? (DO) With whom did you go on the trip? (OP) Whose- asking about possession. Ex: whose are those photos of New York? Which- asking about a group/class. Ex: Which of the other states would you like to visit? What- asking about things/ seeking info. Ex: What did you take with you on your trip?

23 Demonstrative pronouns- point out a particular person, place, or thing. This is a picture of a historic skyscraper. (near) That is a picture of my grandmother with whom I stayed. (far) These are some souvenirs I bought. (near) Those are presents for your. (far) Exercise 1: 1. has ever visited Arizona? 2. are some of the sights you can see there? 3. of the cities did you visit? 4. of the Native American nations have lived in Arizona? 5. were the various types of Native American dwellings.

24 Demonstrative pronouns- point out a particular person, place, or thing. This is a picture of a historic skyscraper. (near) That is a picture of my grandmother with whom I stayed. (far) These are some souvenirs I bought. (near) Those are presents for your. (far) Exercise 1: 1. Who has ever visited Arizona? 2. What are some of the sights you can see there? 3. Which of the cities did you visit? 4. Which of the Native American nations have lived in Arizona? 5. What were the various types of Native American dwellings.

25 3.9 Relative pronouns- is used to join a dependent clause to its antecedent to the independent clause. who, whom, that, whose, and which. Ex: The Chinese use certain medical treatments that are not common practices in the West. - Who and whom refers to persons. - That refers to people, places, or things - Whose most often refers to people but can also refer to animals, places, or things. - Which refers to animals, places, or things.

26 3.10 Singular Plural Singular & Plural another anybody Anyone Anything Each Either Everybody Everyone Everything Much Neither Nobody No one Nothing One Other Somebody Someone something both Few Many Others Several All Any More Most None some

27 3.11 When an I.P. acts as the subject, the verb needs to agree with the number. Ex: No one is able to predict earthquakes. Ex: Many are working to try to predict earthquakes. Everyone (want wants) us to be able to predict them.

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