24.941J / 6.543J / 9.587J / HST.727J The Lexicon and Its Features Spring 2007
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1 MIT OpenCourseWare J / 6.543J / 9.587J / HST.727J The Lexicon and Its Features Spring 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
2 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 1 Professor Kenneth N. Stevens THE LEXICON AND ITS FEATURES FALL 2004 Lecture 3 09/23/04 CONSONANTS AND THEIR FEATURES Sonorant Consonants Nasal - abrupt change: a defining attribute for [+consonant] - peak at low frequency and at ~900 Hz (nasal cavity resonance): defining attribute for [+nasal] - jump in amplitude of F2 peak --- frequency depends on place of articulation: lips, tongue blade, tongue body
3 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 2 Some influences of gestural overlap for nasals: 1. Voiceless obstruent followed by nasal e.g. small lowering of soft palate inhibited by pressure increase during [s] Other examples: acme, top notch, etc. 2. nasal following a reduced vowel e.g., sudden lesson 3. nasal preceding a glide e.g., I m done with it 4. nasal spreading: win those
4 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 3 I can t go up to Sweden no nasal murmur no release of [p] syllabic nasal
5 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 4 Liquids In prevocalic position, / / usually shows a discontinuity, typical of a consonant. In postvocalic position, often discontinuity not visible. Discontinuity not seen in American English /r/ / /: high F3 /r/: low F3 (front cavity resonance) Both have backed tongue body: enhancing gesture?
6 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 5 Some contextual variants due to gestural overlap clusters: drip plot Someti mes no tongue blade closure for / / e.g. ball game Elmer A lso / / and /r/ can be syllabic [h] [+spread glottis]
7 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 6 [h] spectrum of noise and of adjacent vowel breathy voicing vowel
8 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 7 Obstruent Consonants For obstruents the features and their acoustic and articulatory correlates are more straightforward than for sonorants. The presence of a turbulence noise source produced near a vocal tract constriction is a defining acoustic attribute of [-sonorant]. A constriction that results in a substantial increase in intraoral pressure is a defining articulatory attribute. Fricatives
9 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 8 A broad maximum in amplitude occurs over a range of constriction sizes As front cavity length increases its formant affiliation jumps from F5 --- F4 -- F3 in a stepwise manner
![[f] Some enhancing gestures](/docs-images/94/121790497/images/10-1.jpg "for fricatives: Rounding for")
10 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 9 [ ] [s] [f] Some enhancing gestures for fricatives: Rounding for [ ] in English
![Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 10 Another enhancement (and overlap) example: For nonstrident [ ] and [ ] a flattened tongue blade placement to avoid airstream impinging on an obstacle (teeth).](/docs-images/94/121790497/images/11-0.jpg "This tongue blade shaping seems to involve a more backed tongue body position and hence a F2 transition different from an alveolar, which has a more fronted tongue body position as an enhancing")
11 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 10 Another enhancement (and overlap) example: For nonstrident [ ] and [ ] a flattened tongue blade placement to avoid airstream impinging on an obstacle (teeth). This tongue blade shaping seems to involve a more backed tongue body position and hence a F2 transition different from an alveolar, which has a more fronted tongue body position as an enhancing gesture. Thus in a sequence like win those nasalization spreads into [ ] but the F2 transition out of [ ] contains cues for this [+anterior, -strident] segment. (Manuel 1995, J. Phonetics). Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., Used with permission.
12 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 11 Stop Consonants Source: Perkell, J. S. Physiology of Speech Production: Results and Implications of a Quantitative Cineradiographic Study. Research monograph No. 53. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, For p b For t d For k g no front cavity resonance front cavity resonance is F4 or F5 front cavity resonance is F2 or F3 depending on backness of vowel (in this example some excitation of F4 also) These burst characteristics can be considered to be the defining acoustic correlates of the place features.
13 Stevens, K.N. Lecture 3 09/23/04 12 Enhancement gesture for alveolar stops t d: Tongue body seems to be fronted and F2 transition is kept distinct from that of labials and velars. Examples of gestural overlap: top tag: no [p] release in sound batman: sometimes no [t] closure, but enhancing gesture of tongue body fronting seems to remain writer/rider
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