Contents Punctuation and spelling 2 Word order

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1 1 Punctuation and spelling commas: reducing number of commas: adding semicolons: replacing brackets: removing hyphens: adding hyphens: deciding where needed initial capitalization: in titles initial capitalization: in main text various punctuation issues: various punctuation issues: spelling Word order choosing the best subject to put at the beginning of the phrase putting the key words first avoiding beginning the sentence with it is: avoiding beginning the sentence with it is: choosing the best word order to help the reader: choosing the best word order to help the reader: choosing the best word order to help the reader: shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: shifting the parts of the phrase to achieve optimal order: xi

2 xii 2.12 reducing the number of commas and parts of the sentence putting sentences into the correct order typical mistakes Writing short sentences and paragraphs dividing up long sentences: dividing up long sentences: dividing up long paragraphs dividing up long paragraphs dividing up long paragraphs dividing up long paragraphs putting paragraphs into their most logical order writing short sentences: writing short sentences: writing short sentences: Link words: connecting phrases and sentences together linking sentences and paragraphs deleting unnecessary link words deciding when link words are necessary choosing best link word reducing the length of link words / phrases shifting the position of link words expressing consequences using link words to give additional neutral information using link words to give additional positive information using link words to give additional negative information making contrasts making evaluations connecting sentences by repetition of key word or a derivation of the key word describing processes describing causes describing effects and consequences making contrasts, concessions, qualifications, reservations, rejections outlining solutions to problems outlining a time sequence explaining figures and tables: making comparisons making evaluations and drawing conclusions: making evaluations and drawing conclusions: Being concise and removing redundancy removing individual redundant words removing several redundant words: removing several redundant words:

3 xiii 5.4 reducing the word count: titles replacing several words with one preposition or adverb replacing several words with one adverb replacing several words with one word replacing a verb + noun construction with a single verb: identifying verb and noun clauses replacing a verb + noun construction with a single verb: replacing a noun phrase with a verb or can: replacing a noun phrase with a verb or can: replacing nouns with verbs in titles of papers identifying whether link words could be deleted deleting unnecessary link words: deleting unnecessary link words: deleting unnecessary link words: unnecessary use of we and one: unnecessary use of we and one: avoiding redundancy in introductory phrases avoiding redundancy in references to figures, tables etc rewriting unnecessarily long sentences: rewriting unnecessarily long sentences: rewriting unnecessarily long sentences: reducing length of an abstract reducing length of an introduction reducing the length of the outline of the structure reducing the length of the review of the literature: reducing the length of the review of the literature: reducing the length of the materials and methods reducing the length of the conclusions section reducing the length of the acknowledgements Ambiguity and political correctness repetition of words to aid reader s understanding: repetition of words to aid reader s understanding: avoiding ambiguity due to use of -ing form: avoiding ambiguity due to use of -ing form: disambiguating sentences: disambiguating sentences: pronouns and political correctness non-use of masculine terms for generic situations: non-use of masculine terms for generic situations: non-use of masculine terms for generic situations:

4 xiv 7 Paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism deciding what is acceptable to cut and paste quoting statistics paraphrasing by changing the parts of speech paraphrasing by changing nouns into verbs paraphrasing by changing the parts of speech and word order: paraphrasing by changing the parts of speech and word order: finding synonyms: verbs finding synonyms: verbs finding synonyms: verbs finding synonyms: nouns finding synonyms: nouns finding synonyms: adjectives finding synonyms: adverbs and prepositions finding synonyms: adverbs and prepositions paraphrasing by changing word order replacing we with the passive form making a summary: making a summary: making a summary: making a summary: De fi ning, comparing, evaluating and highlighting writing definitions writing definitions writing definitions making generalizations confirming other authors evidence stating how a finding is important highlighting why your method, findings, results etc. are important highlighting your findings comparing the literature comparing contrasting views comparing your methodology with other authors methodologies comparing data in a table questioning current thinking evaluating solutions

5 xv 9 Anticipating possible objections, indicating level of certainty, discussing limitations, hedging, future work anticipating objections and alternative views indicating level of certainty indicating level of certainty reducing level of certainty discussing the limitations of the current state of the art qualifying what you say dealing with limitations in your own results: dealing with limitations in your own results: dealing with limitations in your own results: toning down the strength of an affirmation: toning down the strength of an affirmation: toning down the strength of an affirmation: toning down the strength of an affirmation: direct versus hedged statements direct versus hedged statements discussing possible applications and future work Writing each section of a paper abstracts introductions creating variety when outlining the structure of the paper outlining the structure of the paper survey of the literature methodology / experimental results discussion: discussion: differentiating between the abstract and the conclusions: differentiating between the abstract and the conclusions: conclusions: conclusions: acknowledgements: acknowledgements: Acknowledgements About the Author Editing Service for non-native researchers / Mentorship for EAP and EFL teachers Index

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