3.5 Free Variation Saying the same thing, i.e., meaning, in different ways, i.e., different forms
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1 English Phonology: Study Guide Other Problems in Phonemicization Contour segments and the segment/sequence problem Contour segments: change of a phonetic quality within a single complex segment Affricates, diphthongs, and prenasalized stops Clear cases Polish: [tʃɨ] trzy three vs. [t ʃɨ] czy whether English: [bɔ ɪŋ] boing vs. [sɔɪŋ] awing Many cases are unclear Unclear status of borrowed sounds [v] centuries ago in English: a phoneme or an allophone of /f/? [ɸ] in Japanese (p. 58) [x] and [t s] in English 3.5 Free Variation Saying the same thing, i.e., meaning, in different ways, i.e., different forms Phonological doublet: [ˈεnvəˌloʊp] or [ˈɑnvəˌloʊp] envelope Two forms listed in the lexicon for one meaning Free variation: a single phoneme has two or more phonetic forms. /æ/: [æ ] ~ [ε ə ] before /n/ in English Optional application of the rule /æ/ Diphthongization (p. 59) Branching derivations (p. 60) Tapping in English /t/ [ɾ] is optional, showing /t/ ~ [ɾ] variation in data, outer, water etc. Not all rules are optional. The same rule can be optional in one dialect and obligatory, i.e., not optional, in another Optional rules and speech style Application of an optional rule is generally determined by the speech style Variation and elicitation 3.6 Contextually Limited Contrasts and Phonotactics E.g., only voiceless stops are possible word-finally in Toba Batak: *[sukkub] Analyzing phonotactics and contextually limited contrast Two ways/approaches of characterizing contextually limited contrasts Rule: Final Devoicing (p. 63) Phonotactics: Constraint against Final Voiced Stops (p. 64) Disallowing a segment in certain positions Toba Batak disallows more than one consonant word-finally Rule: Consonant Cluster Simplification (p. 64) Constraint: Ban on Final Clusters (p. 65) Assignment: No.2 (p )
2 English Phonology: Study Guide - 11 Chapter 4. Features 4.1 Introduction to Features: Representations Formal notation of abstract mental objects/representations 4.2 Representations in Phonology Feature matrices Feature matrix for map [mæp] (p. 71) Not IPA symbols, but composites of features Applying rules to featural representations Rules refer to phonological/distinctive/universal phonetic features E.g., Vowel Nasalization in English (two different ways of representing it: p. 72) Bottom of p. 72: seek out a feature matrix that includes [+syllabic]... The notation is to be interpreted strictly as it represents. 4.3 A Feature Set: Preliminaries Primarily by Chomsky and Halle 1968 The Sound Pattern of English The goal of characterizing natural classes Natural classes: phonological rules apply to natural classes defined by phonological features, rather than to individual segments IPA categories are not adequate to characterize natural classes E.g., [±sonorant]: pp Defining features Based on phonetic properties, not as lists such as {stop, fricative, affricate} E.g., [+sonorant]: more energy acoustically, less constriction articulatorily than [ sonorant] 4.4 Manner Features The sonority hierarchy greater sonority less sonority vowels glides liquids nasals obstruents V, G, L, N, O can be characterized with [±syllabic], [±consonantal], [±sonorant] (and arguably [±approximant], which is not a distinctive feature in SPE) Table Reconstructing the traditional manner categories P. 77 top Syllabic consonants Sonorant consonants serving as a syllable peak/nucleus in mutton [mʌtn ] and middle [mɪdl ] [ɚ] and [ɹ ] are notational variation. Syllabic fricatives and stops are very rare.
3 English Phonology: Study Guide Sonority sequencing The outer a segment is from the nucleus, the less sonorous the segment is. E.g., trance [tɹæns] (p. 78) Classifying the stops, affricates, and fricatives [continuant]: Stops and affricates vs. fricatives [delayed release]: Stops vs. affricates (and fricatives), includes frication noise Table 4.2 Mandarin Chinese aspiration applies to [ sonorant, continuant] Trills and taps [+trill] [+tap] for both taps and flaps 4.5 Vowel Features Basic vowel features Backness: [back], [front] Three-way distinction (Table 4.3) for [y]-[ʉ]-[u] in, e.g., Norwegian More restricted way: just [±back], central vowels as [ back] Height and tenseness High vowels: [+high, low] Low vowels: [+low, high] Mid vowels: [ high, low] Upper high and upper mid vowels: [+tense] Lower high and lower mid vowels: [ tense] Rounding [±round] A feature chart for vowels Table 4.4 (assuming [±front] and central vowels as [ back, front]) Other vowel features [ATR] [long] [nasal] [stress] 4.6 Place Features for Consonants Major articulator features [+labial] [+coronal] [+dorsal] Complex segment (double articulation): [w, k p]: [+labial, +dorsal] Consonants with no articulator involved: [h, ʔ]: [ labial, coronal, dorsal]
4 English Phonology: Study Guide Features for classifying the coronals: [anterior], [distributed], [strident], [lateral] [anterior]: towards the front [+anterior]: [ anterior]: [distributed]: tongue blade vs. tongue tip OR contact is long vs. short [+distributed]: [ distributed]: [strident]: sibilants articulated with a groove/trough in the tongue blade (acoustically louder) [+strident]: [lateral]: [l] Features for classifying the labials: [round], [labiodental] [round]: labialization (secondary rounding on consonants): [k] vs. [k w ] [labiodental]: Features used for classifying dorsals: [back], ([front],) [high], [low] (Table 4.5) Back velars (like [ɯ, u]): Fronted velars (like [i, y]): Central velars (like [ɨ, ʉ]): Uvulars [q, ɢ, χ, ʁ]: Pharyngeals [ħ, ʕ]: Secondary articulations Palatalized [ j ]: Velarized [ˠ]: Pharyngealized [ˤ]: Labialized (for rounded consonants)[ w ]: Place as a group concept Many phonological rules manipulate all the place features at once. E.g., Spanish Nasal Assimilation (a place assimilation) 4.7 Laryngeal Features [voice] [+spread glottis] Traditionally called aspirated Can be voiced: [ɦ] in ahead or behind; voiced aspirated stops in Indian lgs [b h, d h, ɡ h ] [+constricted glottis] Glottal stop [ʔ] Ejectives [p, t, k ] Preglottalized stops in English: cat [kæˀt] The so-called tense or fortis stops in Korean [p, t, k ] [+implosive]: with larynx lowered
5 English Phonology: Study Guide Zero as a Feature Value Not to care or irrelevant: e.g., dorsal features for a plain labial stop [p] 4.9 When and How to Use Features in Writing Rules Features vs. phonetic symbols Benefits of features Capture a natural class, Capture an assimilation, and Show that a phonological change is minor. Phonetic symbols can be used marginally Finding the features needed in a rule Identify the natural class with a combination of least possible number of features. Identify common features of the individual segments (Table 4.6) Minimize the changing features and feature values (p. 93 bottom) Benefit of the single rule over the multiple rules: can predict other categories of the same kind Simplifying rules through vacuous application Omit the changing feature in the input ([+voice] in p. 94 middle. cf. p. 93 bottom) Vacuous application: Rule application yields no visible change Simpler and easier. Captures a generalization Features in the change of a rule Include all the necessary changes: not just [+tap] in /t/ [ɾ], but also manner, voice features 4.10 Feature Charts Assignments: Nos. 1 and 2 on pp
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