Phonology. Hodder Arnold. Second Edition Carlos Gussenhoven and Haike Jacobs

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1 Phonology Second Edition Carlos Gussenhoven and Haike Jacobs Understanding Language Series Series Editors: Bernard Comrie and Greville Corbett Hodder Arnold A MEMBER OF THE HODDER HEADLINE (.ROl/P

2 Preface xi 1 The production of speech l.i Introduction The lungs and the larynx The vocal folds: the open and vibrating glottis Devoicing and aspiration Special types of phonation Pitch The glottal stop The vocal tract The pharynx The nasal cavity The mouth Vowels Constrictions Places of articulation Types of constriction Segmental duration Complex consonants 1..1 Secondary articulations 1..2 Double articulations 1..3 Manner-contour consonants Nonpulmonic consonants Stress Conclusion 2 Some typology: sameness and difference Introduction Morphosyntactic structure Morphological structure Syntactic structure A world without phonological structure One phonology for all languages? Two kinds of structure 22 1 l

3 Contents There's a difference Universals and implicational relations Plain or special? Avoiding complexity A word of caution Speech ergonomics System gaps Conclusion Making the form fit Introduction Hawaiian Adjustment processes The process of nativization Adjustments in the native vocabulary 3.4 Two approaches Rules Constraints 3.5 Choosing between rules and constraints Gradient violation and unranked constraints 3.6 Conclusion Underlying and surface representations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Allophonic variation 4.3 Two levels of representation 4.4 Neutralization 4.5 Choosing the underlying form 4.6 Conclusion Distinctive features Introduction Motivating distinctive features Feature values A set of distinctive features Major-class features Laryngeal features Manner features Ambiguity and nonspecification 5.5 Place features Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical

4 5.6 Some examples 5. Redundant vs contrastive features 5.8 Conclusion 6 Ordered rules 6.1 Introduction 6.2 SPE representations 6.3 SPE rules Reference to the syllable The brace Variable feature values Parentheses The transformational rule format 6.4 Linear order 6.5 Extrinsic and intrinsic ordering 6.6 Feeding, counterfeeding, bleeding, counterbleeding Feeding order Counterfeeding order Bleeding order Counterbleeding order 6. Opacity 6.8 Conclusion A case study: the diminutive suffix in Dutch.1 Introduction.2 General Dutch rules.2.1 Final devoicing.2.2 Palatalization.2.3 Degemination.3 Standard Dutch.4 The dialect of Sittard.5 Conclusion 8 Levels of representation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Defining an intermediate level of representation 8.3 Lexical Phonology Reference to morphological labels Exceptions Structure preservation Native-speaker intuitions Application across word boundaries Lexical rules apply before postlexical rules 8.4 Phonological information in the lexicon

5 8.6 Beyond the surface representation Phonetic implementation *' Models of implementation Deciding between phonology and phonetic implementation 8. Conclusion 120 Representing tone Introduction The inadequacy of a linear model Word-based tone patterns Language-specific associations Stability Postlexical tone The Obligatory Contour Principle Violating the OCP Conclusion UD Between the segment and the syllable 10.1 Introduction 10.2 A skeletal tier 10.3 Syllabification: the Maximum Onset Principle The sonority profile 10.4 Arguments for the CV tier The templatic use ofthecv tier Unfilled and unassociated slots Compensatory lengthening 10.5 Moras 10.6 Syllable-based generalizations 10. Post-MOP syllabification rules Ambisyllabicity in English 10.8 Conclusion 11 Feature geometry 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Two properties of assimilations 11.3 Natural feature classes 11.4 Building a tree The place node The laryngeal node The supralaryngeal node 11.5 Spreading and delinking Writing rules 11.6 Implications of underspecification Default rules 11. Conclusion 1 ^ l 16

6 12 Exploiting the feature tree 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Long-distance assimilation Vowel harmony 12.3 Complex segments Evidence for complex segments The representation of palatals and palatoalveolars Distinguishing among palatoalveolars 12.4 Conclusion Stress and feet.1 Introduction.2 The phonological nature of stress.2.1 Metrical feet and feet in poetry.3 Stress as an absolute property of segments: linear phonology.4 Stress as relative prominence: nonlinear phonology.4.1 A parametric theory of relative prominence.4.2 Four types of bounded stress system.5 Conclusion 14 Further constraining stress 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Iambic and trochaic rhythm 14.3 Foot-based rules Quantitative adjustments Foot-based segmental rules 14.4 Stress and morphology 14.5 Stress and Optimality Theory Constraining stress 14.6 Conclusion 15 Phonology above the word 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Generalizations involving prosodic constituents 15.3 The Strict Layer Hypothesis 15.4 Factors determining prosodic phrasing 15.5 The prosodic constituents The utterance The intonational phrase The phonological phrase The phonological word 15.6 Deriving prosodic constituents Clitics The syntactic residue 15. Prosodic constituency below the phonological word 15.8 Conclusion ^

7 Epilogue Key to questions References Language index Subject index 233 " a " n

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