B/ The Sounds of. Spanish. Jose Ignacio Hualde CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcription

1 B/68685 The Sounds of Spanish Jose Ignacio Hualde CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 List offiguresxii Preface xv List of abbreviations xvii Chart of the international phonetic alphabet xix 1 Introduction / 1.1 The phonemic principle l 1.2 Sounds and symbols: orthographic and phonemic representation More on Spanish orthography Letters with more than one phonemic value Phonemes spelt differently in different contexts Phonemes spelt in more than one way in the same context Phonemes and allophones Phonology and phonetics The International Phonetic Alphabet: advantages and shortcomings 15 Exercises 17 2 Variation in Spanish pronunciation is 2.1 Variation in pronunciation: dialects, sociolects, styles IS 2.2 Main geographical varieties of the Spanish language in Spain Northern-Central Peninsular Spanish Southern Peninsular Spanish Canary Island Spanish Main geographical varieties of the Spanish language in Latin America Mexico (and the USA) Central America Caribbean Andean Region 29

3 vi Paraguay Chile River Plate More on the limitations of dialectal classification Other varieties of Spanish The Ibero-Romance languages The notion of standard language. Is there a standard Spanish pronunciation? What's in a name: Castilian or Spanish? ^Castellano o espanol? 37 Exercises 39 3 Consonants and vowels Consonants and vowels Description and classification of consonantal sounds Manner of articulation Place of articulation Activity of the vocal folds: voiced and voiceless consonants The Spanish consonant inventory Description and classification of vowels: the Spanish vowel system Glides Dialectal differences in phoneme inventory 55 Exercises 56 4 Acoustic characterization of the main classes of Spanish speech sounds Introduction Vowels and voiceless plosives Fricatives and affricates Voiced plosives and approximant allophones of /bdg/ Sonorant consonants 68 Exercises 69 5 The syllable Introduction Syllable structure Syllabification rules: consonants The CV rule Consonant clusters Codas Adaptation of word-initial consonant sequences in borrowings 77

4 VII 5.4 Syllabification rules: vocoids (vowels and glides) Lexical distribution of exceptional hiatus Historical origin of diphthong/hiatus contrast Resyllabification and contraction processes (Re-)syllabification of consonants across word and prefix boundaries Syllable contraction across word boundaries Reduction of word-internal vowel sequences in colloquial speech Sequences of three or more vocoids Contrasts in syllabification Syllable contact Sequences of identical consonants across word boundaries 97 Exercises 98 6 Main phonological processes Introduction Neutralization of phonemic contrasts Neutralization and phonological schools Assimilation Consonant-to-consonant assimilation Consonant-to-vowel assimilation Vowel-to-vowel assimilation Vowel-to-consonant assimilation Dissimilation Weakening and deletion Strengthening Epenthesis Metathesis Consequences of the overlap of articulatory gestures 114 Exercises Vowels The Spanish vowel system from a typological perspective Spanish and English vowels contrasted Acoustic characterization of Spanish vowels Dialectal phenomena involving vowels Eastern Andalusian vowels Metaphony and pretonic vowel raising in Asturian and Cantabrian dialects 131 Exercises 135

5 VIII 8 Plosives us 8.1 Voiceless and voiced plosives: main allophones The voiced/voiceless contrast by phonological context Utterance-initial plosives Intervocalic plosives Postconsonantal plosives Syllable-final plosives Spanish and English plosives in contrast 149 Exercises Fricatives and affricates Affricates Fricatives /s/and/6/ Variation in the articulation of/x/ Summary of dialectal variation in the place of articulation of the fricatives /s/ and /t)/ and Spanish 'jota' in historical perspective Syllable-final and word-final fricatives Voice assimilation of coda fricatives Aspiration and deletion of/s/ On the phonemic status of/j/ 165 Exercises Nasals Nasal phonemes Nasals in coda position Word-internal coda nasals Word-final nasals 176 Exercises 177 ri Liquids (laterals and rhotics) us 11.1 Liquid consonants: laterals and rhotics Laterals Phonemes and allophonic distribution The fate of the lateral palatal M/: yeismo and related phenomena The rhotics Phonemes and allophonic distribution J8i Historical origin of the tap/trill contrast Dialectal phenomena involving the rhotics 186

6 ix 11.4 Neutralization and deletion of liquids in the coda of the syllable in Spanish dialects 188 Exercises Main morphophonological alternations wo 12.1 Morphophonological rules Historical origin of morphophonological alternations Alternations between diphthongs and mid vowels: e/ie, o/ue Verbs with e/ie, o/ue alternations The mid vowel/diphthong alternation in derivational morphology Historical origin of the alternation between diphthongs and mid vowels Alternation between high and mid vowels in verbs: He, u/o Verbs with velar increment Historical origin of the velar increment Other alternations in verbs Plural formation Historical origin of the -s/-es allomorphy of the plural suffix Feminine el Historical origin of feminine el Diminutives Historical origin of the alternation Morphophonology and phonological schools 217 Exercises Stress What is stress? Generalizations regarding stress in Spanish Stress properties of nouns and adjectives Unmarked, marked and exceptional stress patterns Proparoxytones Consonant-final paroxytones Unifying the statement of stress patterns for consonant- and vowel-final nouns and adjectives Stress in compounds Stress in truncated forms Adverbs Verbs Present tense (indicative and subjunctive) and imperative Past tenses Future and conditional Compound tenses 233

7 13.6 Grammatical words Pronouns Determiners Prepositions Question words (interrogative pronouns) Conjunctions The Latin stress system and its continuation in Spanish Phonetic correlates of stress Secondary stress Lexical stress and orthography Basic orthographic accent rules Diacritic use of accent marks to indicate hiatus Monosyllables and pseudo-monosyllables Diacritically distinguished pairs Monosyllabic segmental homophones Question words Demonstratives 251 Exercises Other cases of diacritic accent Intonation Tone and intonation The atoms of intonation Simple declarative sentences: nuclear and prenuclear accents Differences from English in the placement of nuclear accents Repeated information Object pronouns and indefinites Final predicates and adverbials Narrow focus Non-neutral declarative sentences Old and new information Contrastive narrow focus on nonfinal words 'Circumflex'declarative contours Questions Intonation and phrasing A note on rhythm A note on dialectal differences in prosody 273 Exercises 274

8 xi Appendices 276 Appendix A Summary of main aspects of Spanish pronunciation in contrast with English 276 A.I Aspects of variation 276 Appendix B Why isn't Spanish orthography completely phonemic? 277 Appendix C Spanish among the Ibero-Romance languages 281 C.I A brief historical overview 281 C.2 The other languages of Spain today and their influence on the pronunciation of the regional form of Spanish in bilingual areas 286 C.2.1 Galician and related varieties 287 C.2.2 Modern descendants of Old Leonese 288 C.2.3 Aragonese varieties 289 C.2.4 The extinct Navarrese Romance 289 C.2.5 Catalan 289 C.2.6 Aranese Gascon 290 C.2.7 Basque 290 C.2.8 English and Spanish in Gibraltar 293 C.2.9 Ceuta and Melilla 293 Appendix D Bilingualism in Latin America 293 Glossary of technical terms 295 References 303 Index 313