Lexicon and Grammar: The English Syntacticon

Transcription

1 Lexicon and Grammar: The English Syntacticon by Joseph E. Emonds Mouton de Gruyter Berlin New York 2000

2 Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author's academic biography vii xiii xvii Chapter 1 Categories and feature inventories of Universal Grammar A theory and practice of well-formed lexical entries Specifying the well-formed sentences Judging the well-formed sentences Types of syntactic categories and features Canonical matching of features and categories Marked feature values, including Absence of Content A theory of phrase structure as Extended Projections Lexical Projections The Subject as a special phrase: I and IP The DP Hypothesis and a generalized definition of Subject The EPP: explaining the "strong D feature on Tense" The interplay among derivations, the Lexicon, and Economy Principles Transformational derivations The Lexicon Economy Conditions An excursus into IP reference and economy at the LF Interface 29 Chapter 2 Subcategorization: Syntax as the material basis of semantics Advantages of classical subcategorization Extending and restricting subcategorization to syntactic features Syntactic vs. semantic selection: sisterhood is powerful Exclamatory complements Concealed questions Determining Theta Roles by interpretive principles 56

3 xx Table of Contents 2.5 Indeterminacy of object roles: the LOCATION feature on V Indeterminacy of subject roles: variation in principal role A Gedanken Experiment for learning lexical entries 70 Chapter 3 Subcategorization inside words: Morphology as grammatical compounding Marked and unmarked headedness: English vs. Japanese Phrasal domains Word domains The independence of head directionality and domain size: French word order Combining word-internal and phrasal trees Conflating syntactic and morphological subcategorization Where it's at: Morphology as a special case of compounding Relating morphological typology to free form properties Dictionary and Syntacticon: a new slant on lexical research Chapter 4 Multi-level lexical insertion: Explaining Inflection and Derivation Ill 4.1 The bifurcated lexical model: Dictionary and Syntacticon... Ill 4.2 Levels of lexical insertion Defining and dividing morphology Inflectional morphology as late insertion Lexical insertion in PF Classical inflection as Alternative Realization The distinctions between inflectional and derivational morphology Why inflection exists: invisible categories and Economy Alternative Realization on free morphemes Derivational morphology: the arguments of lexically derived forms English nominalizations: confirming the Syntacticon model PF lexical insertion in gerunds and present participles Two levels of insertion in the syntax: derived nominals Two levels of insertion in the syntax: agentive nominals 156

4 Table of Contents xxi 4.8 Expanded list of differences between the Dictionary and the Syntacticon 158 Chapter 5 Passive syntactic structures The common syntax of Verbal and Adjectival passives The uniform Adjectival category of -en The uniform NP Movement in all passives The Syntacticon entry for -en and NP trace Differences between Verbal and Adjectival passives Two insertion levels in syntax: two types of passive Adjectives The Verbal (inflectional) passive Explaining the Verbal passive with PF insertion An influential alternative analysis Cross-linguistic variation in impersonal passives The range of variation A note on expletives and phi-features Parenthesis and underline notations for Alternative Realization The strange Case of perfect participles 198 Chapter 6 The genesis of flat structures: Linking verbs, "light" verbs and "restructuring" Surprising consequences of higher empty heads Flatter lexical projections for predicate adjectives and participles Flatter lexical projections induced by "light" verbs Theoretical limits on possible flat structures The exclusion of P from extended sisterhood Flat structures for grammatical V and N Flat structures for pseudo-partitives Differing lexical projections induced by restructuring verbs Rizzi's compelling evidence for flat structures The location of the lower subject in flat structures The excess content of integrating syntax and morphology

5 xxii Table of Contents Appendix to chapter 6 Causative and perception verb "clause union" 251 A.I Burzio's parallels between causatives and restructuring 251 A.2 Kayne's three patterns of Romance causatives 255 A.3 Implications of a generalized definition of subject 263 A.4 The syntax of internal arguments which are LF Subjects 267 A.5 Revising the SSC and Principle A: Local Binding in LF 272 Chapter 7 Subcategorization across syntactic empty heads A review of Revised Classical Subcategorization The source of intermediate empty heads Factors requiring extra structure Factors limiting extra structure Why P is the favored intermediate category An empty V with have in I The Deep Case Filter: a basis for articulated structure and recursion The range and genesis of adjunct constructions The PP form of adjuncts The Deep Case and economy of adjunct phrases Empty inflectional heads and economy of non-finite clauses Present participles and the Revised Theta Criterion 319 Chapter 8 The restricted complement space of lexical frames The range of single phrase complements Variations on the frames D, A and P The predicate nominal frame + N Variations on the frames V and I Extrinsic features in single frames Limitations on multiple complements The puzzling descriptive generalizations The role of Abstract Case in Logical Form Confirmation from triple complement structures The Case of predicate attributes 358

6 Table of Contents xxiii 8.4 The restrictive Syntactic Lexicon confronts open-ended Conceptual Space 367 Chapter 9 Licensing and identification of null complements Syntactic identification and subcategorization "Empty Operator" complement phrases "Small pro" complement phrases Unifying small pro and the empty operator Three hypotheses for understood complements Discourse identification: Grimshaw's null complement anaphora Rizzi's generic null objects Null objects with the features of one(s) A note on zero morphs in the Syntacticon The asystematic "understood objects" of English (Appendix) Licensing in the lexical labyrinth The impotence of the lexical item 405 Chapter 10 Understood subjects: Generalizing Pro Subcategorization and obligatory control Pragmatic control Imperatives, direct and embedded Understood agents in passive clauses The location of the agent phrase The syntactic roles of the agent phrase Nature's bottleneck 434 Summary of principles 438 Sample Lexicon 448 References 451 Subject Index 462