Table of contents. Preface... 5
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1 Table of contents Preface... 5 Introduction: English for teachers and learners English in Norwegian schools...15 Language awareness...17 The linguistic diversity in English classrooms...18 Communication is the main goal...21 What is English?...23 What is correct English?...23 Which variety to choose?...24 Learning and helping to learn English...25 The content of this book...27 PART 1 VOCABULARY Learning vocabulary Learning words in L Vocabulary development in L2 and L What does it mean to know a word? Receptive and productive word knowledge A quick look at how our memory works Long-term memory and working memory Deeper learning: Making word learning personally relevant...39 What is vocabulary? What is a word?
2 2.2 Word families Multi-word vocabulary and frequent combinations...43 The lexical system of English The origins of English vocabulary More about transparent words Words and the world: Denotation and connotation Word classes: Lexical (content) words and function words The structure of words: Morphology Lexical relations Multiple meanings of words Figurative meaning Idioms...59 Word formation Creating words from other words: Derivation Compounding Conversion Other word-formation processes...65 Words at work Collocations Discourse markers Sentence frames A note about style Spoken English: Vocabulary of conversation...72 Vocabulary in the classroom Learning English vocabulary: The main challenges Teaching English vocabulary: The main challenges Teaching principles Possible tasks in the classroom The 5 R s Vocabulary strategies Curricular aims for vocabulary development
3 PART 2 GRAMMAR What is grammar? Grammaring Word classes Phrases Word order patterns The grammar of nouns Noun forms Types of noun The structure of noun phrases Types of determiner Pronouns The function of noun phrases The grammar of verbs Verb forms Types of verb The structure of verb phrases Time and tense Aspect Modality Voice Various uses of the -ing form Verb forms after verbs: -ing or infinitive? The grammar of adjectives Adjective forms Types of adjective The structure of adjective phrases The function of adjective phrases The grammar of adverbs Adverb forms
4 5.2 Types of adverb The structure of adverb phrases The function of adverb phrases The grammar of prepositions Preposition forms The structure of prepositional phrases The function of prepositional phrases Chapter 7 Clauses The forms of clauses Types of clauses The structure of clauses The function of clauses Relative clauses Chapter 8 Sentence types Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Alternative patterns: A question of focus Chapter 9 From sentences to discourse Coherence and cohesion Lexical coherence Cohesive use of determiners and pronouns Basic punctuation conventions The full stop The comma The apostrophe The semi-colon The hyphen Inverted commas / Quotation marks Other punctuation marks Capitalisation
5 1 Grammar in the classroom Learning English grammar: The main challenges Teaching principles Possible tasks in the classroom Competence aims for English and relevant concepts of grammar PART 3 PHONOLOGY AND PRONUNCIATION Pronunciation and the Norwegian classroom What are the main challenges? Which English to learn? The question of norms What is phonology? Phonology, phonetics, phonemes and allophones Phonemes and phonemic symbols How do we produce speech sounds? The speech organs The speech sounds / phonemes of English Phonemes and allophones revisited The vowels of English The consonants of English Stress and rhythm Sentence stress and rhythm Weak and strong forms Regularity of stress Word stress Intonation The musical aspect of English intonation The communicative aspect of English intonation The Norwegian roller-coaster transfer
6 Pronunciation in the classroom English pronunciation: The main challenges Principles and possible tasks in the classroom PART 4 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH English in the world British English British pronunciation British English grammar and vocabulary American English American English pronunciation American English grammar and vocabulary English outside the United Kingdom and the United States Canadian English Irish English Australian and New Zealand English East and West African English South African English South Asian English: India and Pakistan English in South East Asia Caribbean English Other varieties of English Sociolinguistic variation Formal and informal language Academic English Cultural differences
7 Varieties of English in the classroom References Glossary Index
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